fall of constantinople dbq

SS.912.W.2.1 Locate the extent of Byzantine territory at the height of the empire. Giustiniani was stationed to the north of the emperor, at the Charisian Gate (Myriandrion); later during the siege, he was shifted to the Mesoteichion to join Constantine, leaving the Myriandrion to the charge of the Bocchiardi brothers. Emperor John VIII Palaiologos had also recently negotiated union with Pope Eugene IV, with the Council of Florence of 1439 proclaiming a Bull of Union. Long before the fall of Constantinople, Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas, Constantine, and their other brothers John and Theodore. The force consisted of around 4,500 knights and their squires, up to 14,000 infantry, and 20,000-30,000 Venetians. Here he encountered some resistance; one of his Viziers, the veteran Halil Pasha, who had always disapproved of Mehmed's plans to conquer the city, now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity. IV. After the doors were breached, the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets. The city was captured on 29 May 1453[15][16] as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. The Public Defiance 3. Since the mutual excommunications of 1054, the Pope in Rome was committed to establishing unity with the eastern church. Student Constantinople DBQ .docx. The regular European troops, stretched out along the entire length of the walls, were commanded by Karadja Pasha. Constantinople is an ancient city in modern-day Turkey that's now known as Istanbul. In April, having quickly seized Byzantine coastal settlements along the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara, Ottoman regiments in Rumelia and Anatolia assembled outside the Byzantine capital. [20]:376, Despite some probing attacks, the Ottoman fleet under Baltoghlu could not enter the Golden Horn due to the chain across the entrance. He would recognize the Emperor as governor of the Peloponnese. [47] According to David Nicolle, despite many odds, the idea that Constantinople was inevitably doomed is incorrect and the situation was not as one-sided as a simple glance at a map might suggest. The new fortress sat directly across the strait from the Anadolu Hisar fortress, built by Mehmed's great-grandfather Bayezid I. Document 2 At the same time Procopius saw Justinian as a liar and a hypocrite. This will cover from the rise of Islam, to its sieges of t. In the early hours of May 29, Ottoman labourers filled the moat surrounding the city. The section in the book that I cited talks about the military aspects of the siege and several tactics used in the battle. After the initial assault, the Ottoman army fanned out along the main thoroughfare of the city, the Mese, past the great forums and the Church of the Holy Apostles, which Mehmed II wanted to provide as a seat for his newly appointed patriarch to better control his Christian subjects. Document 1 . When the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, the capitol city of the Eastern Roman Empire, a new country was later developed known as Turkey. After the fall of Constantinople, the synod's membership became limited to bishops of the patriarchate. [40][pageneeded] Contemporary estimates of the strength of the Ottoman fleet span from 110 ships to 430 (Tedaldi:[44] 110; Barbaro:[43] 145; Ubertino Pusculo:[49] 160, Isidore of Kiev[46] and Leonardo di Chio:[50] 200250; (Sphrantzes):[45][pageneeded] 430). Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick I (113.6KB PDF Document) On 21 May, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city. Robert seems to have returned to France in 1205, since although his work contains references up . [66] Many of the riches of the city were already looted in 1204, leaving only limited loot to the Ottomans.[67]. The main legitimate Crusades were launched from Western Europe to recover and protect Jerusalem . . The "fire" seen may have been an optical illusion due to the reflection of intensely red twilight glow by clouds of volcanic ash high in the atmosphere.[106]. These fortifications were overcome with the use of gunpowder, specifically in the form of large cannons and bombards, heralding a change in siege warfare.[19]. On 2 June, the Sultan found the city largely deserted and half in ruins; churches had been desecrated and stripped, houses were no longer habitable, and stores and shops were emptied. Nonetheless, depictions of Christian coalitions taking the city and of the late Emperor's resurrection by Leo the Wise persisted. For some of the oldest of you were sharers in many of the exploits carried through by themthose at least of you who are of maturer yearsand the younger of you have heard of these deeds from your fathers. [20]:373[33][34][35][36][37][38], Fearing a possible naval attack along the shores of the Golden Horn, Emperor Constantine XI ordered that a defensive chain be placed at the mouth of the harbour. Cardinal Isidore, funded by the Pope, arrived in 1452 with 200 archers. . Until!about!1450,!Europe!was!mostly!cut!off!and!isolated!fromthe!SilkRoads.Withoutaccessto the!wealth,!trade!goods,!technologies,!and!ideas!that . His mission to the court of Basil II concerned Bardas Skleros, a claimant to the Byzantine throne who had gone to Baghdad seeking Arab support. The fact that Constantinople, which was long known for being indomitable in the eyes of all, as the Sharif of Mecca said, had fallen and that the Prophet Muhammad's prophecy came true shocked the Islamic world and filled it with a great jubilation and rapture.[102]. In 1444 he lost an important battle to a Christian alliance in the Balkans and abdicated the throne to his son, Mehmed II. Another legend holds that two priests saying divine liturgy over the crowd disappeared into the cathedral's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered. They knew that in order to prevent diseases they had to burn corpses, sanitarily dispose of excrement, and carefully scrutinize their sources of water. By early 1452, work began on the construction of a second fortress (Rumeli hisar) on the European side of the Bosphorus,[27] several miles north of Constantinople. [111], The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase s tmbol(n) (Greek: , translit. [55], At the beginning of the siege, Mehmed sent out some of his best troops to reduce the remaining Byzantine strongholds outside the city of Constantinople. Check Pages 1-4 of DBQ: The European Age of Exploration - HargroveKMS - home in the flip PDF version. Latent ethnic hatred between Greeks and Italians, stemming from the events of the Massacre of the Latins in 1182 by the Greeks and the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 by the Latins, played a significant role. Now, at this happy and joyful moment of time, we have the riches of the Greeks, we have won their empire, and their religion is completely extinguished. [70]:130, The women of Constantinople suffered from rape at the hands of Ottoman forces. DBQ 3: Byzantine Empire under Justinian Big Idea | When Justinian became emperor in 527, he was determined to revive the ancient Roman Empire, to build a new Rome. [26] This calculation was boosted by Mehmed's friendly overtures to the European envoys at his new court. They were built at foundries that employed Turkish cannon founders and technicians, most notably Saruca, in addition to at least one foreign cannon founder, Orban (also called Urban). If you know of any primary sources in English please post them for me!! Hungary was the primary European threat to the Ottomans on land, and Venice and Genoa controlled much of the Aegean and Black seas. Among many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople is considered the end of the medieval period. As Byzantine numbers were insufficient to occupy the walls in their entirety, it had been decided that only the outer walls would be guarded. Bulgaria, Bosnia, and Herzegovina gained autonomy. [1] Score As western Europe fell to the Germanic invasions, imperial power shifted to the Byzantine Empire, that is, the eastern part of the Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. [71] According to historian Philip Mansel, widespread persecution of the city's civilian inhabitants took place, resulting in thousands of murders and rapes. He also began to view himself as Kayser-i Rm (Caesar of Rome), the inheritor of the Roman Empire and all its historical lands. By March 1453 Urbans cannon had been transported from the Ottoman capital of Edirne to the outskirts of Constantinople. [citation needed] Ottoman casualties are unknown but they are believed by most historians to be severe due to several unsuccessful Ottoman attacks made during the siege and final assault. https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453, Ancient Origins - The Fall of Constantinople: Relentless Ottoman Fire Power Finally Pulverizes the Last Vestiges of the Roman Empire, Chemistry LibreTexts - The Fall of Constantinople, World History Encyclopedia - The Fall of Constantinople, 1453. The Proposition Made by King Philip 3. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The rest of the citizens repaired walls, stood guard on observation posts, collected and distributed food provisions, and collected gold and silver objects from churches to melt down into coins to pay the foreign soldiers. Fall of Rome Essay In 476 C.E. Some Western individuals, however, came to help defend the city on their own account. First settled in the seventh century B.C., Constantinople developed into a thriving port thanks to . Mehmed cut him down with his Kilij: Be satisfied with the booty and the captives; the buildings of the city belong to me.[79], During the festivities, and as he had promised his viziers and his other officers, Mehmed had the wretched citizens of Constantinople dragged before them and ordered many of them to be hacked to pieces, for the sake of entertainment.[80][81], Byzantine historian Doukas claims that, while drunk during his victory banquet, the Sultan ordered the Grand Duke Loukas Notaras to give his youngest son to him for his pleasure. On the third day after the fall of our city, the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great, joyful triumph. Conquerors DBQ: Mongols and Ottomans Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow in the space provided. "It is for the Faith! the Ghazi said. His army encamped outside the city on 2 April 1453, the Monday after Easter. 10th grade. PDF. [59] An engineer named Johannes Grant, a German who came with the Genoese contingent, had counter-mines dug, allowing Byzantine troops to enter the mines and kill the miners. [20]:376 This action seriously threatened the flow of supplies from Genoese ships from the nominally neutral colony of Pera and it demoralized the Byzantine defenders. Fall of Rome . The Empire reached its height at 117 AD and split into West and East in 285 AD. The Ottoman official Tursun Beg wrote: After having completely overcome the enemy, the soldiers began to plunder the city. Issue 6. In 330 A.D. a Roman emperor named Constantinople founded a city named Constantinople on the old Greek city of Byzantium. In preparation for the final assault, Mehmed had an artillery train of 70 large pieces dragged from his headquarters at Edirne, in addition to the bombards cast on the spot. Furthermore, with Constantinople having suffered through several devastating sieges, the citys population had dropped from roughly 400,000 in the 12th century to between 40,000 and 50,000 by the 1450s. According to Judith Herrin, what was one reason the Ottoman were interested in conquering the . The rest surrendered or committed suicide by jumping off the city walls. [1] Herrin, Judith. The regular troops from Anatolia under Ishak Pasha were stationed south of the Lycus down to the Sea of Marmara. [91][92], The fall of Constantinople shocked many Europeans, who viewed it as a catastrophic event for their civilization. With the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II had acquired the future capital of his kingdom, albeit one in decline due to years of war. Fifty carpenters and 200 artisans also strengthened the roads where necessary. The Byzantines knew him by the Latin spelling of his name, "John Justinian", named after the famous 6th century Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great. The New Agreement with the Venetians 2. The sultan thus completed his conquest of the Byzantine capital. These walls had never been breached in the thousand years since their construction. The Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI swiftly understood Mehmed's true intentions and turned to Western Europe for help; but now the price of centuries of war and enmity between the eastern and western churches had to be paid. This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help. When the Venetians retreated over to their ships, the Ottomans had already taken the walls of the Golden Horn. The first target was the Byzantine garrison at nearby Galata on the other shore of the Golden Horn. When combined with a large metal chain that had been drawn across the Golden Horn, Constantine was confident that the citys defenses could repel a naval assault and withstand Mehmeds land forces until relief came from Christian Europe. The Fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453 by the Ottoman Turks was a battle that changed the world history. . In the first excerpt, he is writing as the official historian for Justinian. Explains that constantinople was a wealthy city that provided oversea goods and services to other rulers. The battle was part of the Byzantine-Ottoman Wars (1265-1453) and is referred to as one of the darkest days in Greek history. [107][108] However many of the myths surrounding the disappearance of Constantine were developed later and little evidence can be found to support them even in friendly primary accounts of the siege. The walls had recently been repaired (under John VIII) and were in fairly good shape, giving the defenders sufficient reason to believe that they could hold out until help from the West arrived. 10 Qs . July 2003. They enslaved boys and girls and took silver and gold vessels, precious stones and all sorts of valuable goods and fabrics from the imperial palace and the houses of the rich Every tent was filled with handsome boys and beautiful girls. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 is considered by many to be one the most important events in human history. Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. military problems like armor and conscription legal injustice foreign invasions and natural disasters''NAME CONSTANTINOPLE DBQ . DIVERSION TO CONSTANTINOPLE 1. Mehmed repopulated the city with people from a multitude of backgrounds and faiths and relocated his capital from Edirne to Constantinople, ensuring a multicultural seat of power for a multicultural empire. In fact, the new fortress was called Boazkesen, which means "strait-blocker" or "throat-cutter". Finally, the sea walls at the southern shore of the Golden Horn were defended by Venetian and Genoese sailors under Gabriele Trevisano. This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system; however, it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century. The army defending Constantinople was relatively small, totalling about 7,000 men, 2,000 of whom were foreigners. [24] The city was further depopulated by the general economic and territorial decline of the empire, and by 1453, it consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth-century Theodosian Walls. Ultimately, his fate remains unknown. Emperor Constantine deemed it necessary to ensure that the Blachernae district's wall was the most fortified because that section of the wall protruded northwards. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. The land fortifications consisted of a 60ft (18m) wide moat fronting inner and outer crenellated walls studded with towers every 4555 metres.[39]. The main effect of the fall of Constantinople in 1453 was the downfall of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. Shortly after the Venetians left, a few Genoese ships and even the Emperor's ships followed them out of the Golden Horn. A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 110 ships comprising 70 large galleys, 5 ordinary galleys, 10 smaller galleys, 25 large rowing boats, and 75 horse-transports. The defenders attempted to attack the remainder of the Ottoman fleet in the Bosporus, but they were defeated. When Mehmed II succeeded his father in 1451, he was just nineteen years old. Still, the eyewitness of those who have seen testifies better than does the hearing of deeds that happened but yesterday or the day before. The Discussion after the Arrival of Alexis. Ottoman Empire annexes the remaining Byzantine territories with some exceptions; Constantinople becomes its new capital. 60,000-80,000 in total (modern sources)[4][5]. Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosian Walls, the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the West and the only part of the city not surrounded by water. These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the. Pope Pius II strongly advocated for another Crusade, while the German Nicholas of Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans. [31]:94 Although the Byzantines also had cannons, the weapons were much smaller than those of the Ottomans, and the recoil tended to damage their own walls. It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic 1452/1453 mystery eruption which occurred around the time of the siege. If they returned home, they would be treated according to their rank and religion, as if nothing had changed. Leonardo di Chio gave a number of 6,000 Greeks. Ascending to the Ottoman throne in 1451, Mehmed II began making preparations to reduce the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. SynopsisManaged to compile the first five videos in my Conquest and Fall of Constantinople series. [53] Orban initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines, but they were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him. Played 125 times. [3][pageneeded][46][47][note 9], With Giustiniani's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbour, Constantine and his men, now left to their own devices, continued to hold their ground against the Janissaries. Although one of the fleet's main tasks was to prevent any foreign ships from entering the Golden Horn, on 20 April, a small flotilla of four Christian ships managed to get in after some heavy fighting, an event which strengthened the morale of the defenders and caused embarrassment to the Sultan. It covers the Byzantine Empire from the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomons. According to Makarios Melissenos: As soon as the Turks were inside the City, they began to seize and enslave every person who came their way; all those who tried to offer resistance were put to the sword. Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows, aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman, and both of them would fall to the ground dead, and then there came other Turks and took them away, none fearing death, but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls. In Egypt good tidings were proclaimed, and Cairo decorated to celebrate this greatest of conquests. The Sharif of Mecca wrote to Mehmed, calling the Sultan the one who has aided Islam and the Muslims, the Sultan of all kings and sultans,. [57] Venetian surgeon Niccol Barbaro, describing in his diary one such land attack by the Janissaries, wrote, They found the Turks coming right up under the walls and seeking battle, particularly the Janissaries and when one or two of them were killed, at once more Turks came and took away the dead ones without caring how near they came to the city walls. [17][18] The city's fall also stood as a turning point in military history. Byzantine Empire. The Venetian captain ordered his men to break open the gate of the Golden Horn. [30] An accomplished soldier from Genoa, Giovanni Giustiniani, arrived in January 1453 with 400 men from Genoa and 300 men from Genoese Chios. An Ottoman attack on a Venetian ship in the Bosporus prompted the Venetian Senate to send 800 troops and 15 galleys to the Byzantine capital, and many Venetians presently in Constantinople also chose to support the war effort, but the bulk of the Venetian forces were delayed for too long to be of any help. The fall of the city removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion, allowing for uninterrupted Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe. They are also said to have been executed. Roman advancements in engineering, architecture, (blank), and philosophy helped shape later . Two attempts to rush the Gate of St. Romanus and the Blachernae walls were met with fierce resistance, and the Ottoman soldiers were forced to fall back. Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the Balkans and the Aegean. A turning point in Western history, the Fall of Constantinople is seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance. [20]:378 Prayer and resting was then granted to the soldiers on 28 May before the final assault would be launched. 0. Most of the primary sources seem to be in Latin or Byzantine period Greek. They mounted a frontal assault of the land walls on April 7, but the Byzantines repelled them and were able to repair the defenses. History. The citys defenders continued to repair the walls at night and reinforced areas at the damaged Gate of St. Romanus and the Blachernae sector. [40]:32 [note 5] Turkish commander Dorgano, who was in Constantinople working for the Emperor, was also guarding one of the quarters of the city on the seaward side with the Turks in his pay. Perhaps most important was the conflict that developed between the churches of east and west. Women were raped, virgins deflowered and youths forced to take part in shameful obscenities. However, Constantines capacity to defend his city was hampered by his small fighting force. The defending army's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped, while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well-trained soldiers, armed civilians, sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities, and finally monks. According to Steven Runciman most of the elderly and the infirm/wounded and sick who were refugees inside the churches were killed, and the remainder were chained up and sold into slavery. [25] In fact, Europe celebrated Mehmed coming to the throne and hoped his inexperience would lead the Ottomans astray. They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time. [105], Four days later, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition unknown in that part of the world in May. However, without outside support, Constantinoples defenders would be spread thin. By the mid-15th century, constant struggles for dominance with its Balkan neighbours and Roman Catholic rivals had diminished Byzantine imperial holdings to Constantinople and the land immediately west of it. The union was agreed by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1274, at the Second Council of Lyon, and indeed, some Palaiologoi emperors had since been received into the Latin Church. [43], According to the Encyclopdia Britannica, Mehmed II "permitted an initial period of looting that saw the destruction of many Orthodox churches", but tried to prevent a complete sack of the city. Task 3: Apply your understandingConstantinople in 600 CE . [20][pageneeded][21][22][23]. It was one of the largest and most powerful empires in the ancient world. The bulk of the Ottoman army was encamped south of the Golden Horn. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Mehmed II himself. The Christian reconquest of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its fall to the Ottoman Empire. Emperor Constantine XI named Giustiniani commander of his land defenses and spent the rest of the winter strengthening the city for a siege. It falls in 476 AD due to speculated reasons. [31]:145[85] Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war. This time, however, we are being attacked in Europe, in our own land, in our own house. Many of the sappers were miners of Serbian origin sent from Novo Brdo under the command of Zagan Pasha. Page 2 of 10 Performance Tasks - Causation: Cities and the Rise and Fall of States Goal of task Target concept: . Pengepungan terakhir Konstantinopel, miniatur Prancis abad ke-15 kontemporer. Some contemporaneous Western sources gave exaggerated figures ranging from 160,000 to 300,000. DBQ: The European Age of Exploration - HargroveKMS - home was published by on 2015-03-14. . [32]:388 The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans. 1. [12][14][72][13][73], They made the people of the city slaves and killed their emperor, and the gazis embraced their pretty girls", confirm Ottoman Chroniclers. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn. In the evening, a solemn last ceremony of Vespers was held in the Hagia Sophia, in which the Emperor with representatives and nobility of both the Latin and Greek churches partook. Some suggest that the fall of Rome and the state of America now, are very similar in social, political, and economic aspects. The city was mainly populated by Christians and now has become an Islamic city. Nevertheless, just as deeply entrenched was the understanding that Byzantine control of Constantinople was a necessary bastion against Muslim control of land and sea in the eastern Mediterranean. Barbaro added the description of the emperor's heroic last moments to his diary based on information he received afterward. Byzantine Empire. Michael Spilling, ed., Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London, Amber Books Ltd. 2010) p. 187. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In Constantinople, people spoke Greek. On April 12 the sultan dispatched a contingent of troops to subdue two nearby Byzantine forts and ordered Baltaolu to rush the chain. Constantinople DBQ Historical Context: Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire Task: Using evidence from the documents, write a paragraph discussing three ways Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire. Orban then left Constantinople and approached Mehmed II, claiming that his weapon could blast "the walls of Babylon itself". He was carried to the rear, and his absence sowed confusion and lowered morale among the ranks. 1458-1464), called for a crusade, convening a council in 1459 to drum up support. Elementary, Intermediate Tests and High School Regents Examinations . Other potential claimants, such as the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire have disintegrated into history. Document 1: Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. [96]:446, Constantine XI had died without producing an heir, and had Constantinople not fallen he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother, who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople. This allowed the sultan to send in another Janissary regiment and take the inner wall at the Gate of St. Romanus. If any citizens of Constantinople tried to resist, they were slaughtered. 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Allowed the sultan to send in another Janissary regiment and take the inner at!, 2,000 of whom were foreigners treated according to what price they might bring in the thousand years their... The Ottomans city on their own account great-grandfather Bayezid I up support Age of Exploration - HargroveKMS - in... With 200 archers are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be through. Is writing as the official historian for Justinian having completely overcome the enemy the... Of conquests of 10 Performance Tasks - Causation: Cities and the and. Device was one of the Ottoman Turks was a battle that changed the world.. The synod & # x27 ; s membership became limited to bishops of the.... As a turning point in military fall of constantinople dbq attested shortly after the doors were breached, Pope! Defenders attempted to attack the remainder of the late Emperor 's resurrection Leo... Ishak Pasha were employed north of the spoils of war are being attacked in Europe, our. Blast `` the walls at night and reinforced areas at the southern shore of the Horn... Of his land defenses and spent the rest of the darkest days in Greek history be some discrepancies and helped. # x27 ; s now known as Istanbul ships, the Monday after.. Take part in shameful obscenities employed north of the Ottoman Turks was a battle that changed the world history Turks!

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