wangari maathai primary sources

She affirmed earth and water, air and the waning fire of the sun combine to form the essential elements of life and reveal to me my kinship with the soil.63. endobj In 1977, Maathai founded a grassroots organization, the Green Belt Movement, focused on reforestation to promote sustainability and establish financial income for women in the region. Richard Jolly, Underestimated Influence: UN Contributions to Development Ideas, Leadership, Influence and Impact, in International Development: Ideas, Experience, and Prospects, ed. Her position at the university also opened opportunities to venture into other fields of service and leadership for which she was to become well known in addition to her academic pursuits. Maathai played an active part in the struggle for democracy in Kenya, and belonged to the opposition . The life of Wangari Muta Maathai (1940-2011) was strongly shaped by her rural environment, missionary education, and exposure to university education in the United States and Germany. Maathai was a pragmatic rather than a dogmatic figure, with no rigid ideological stance in her engagement with the environment and the politics of Kenya. Her impact and influence had extended well beyond her constituency in Tetu, Kenya, and far beyond Africa. The drift toward authoritarianism had emerged in the late 60s and 70s under Kenyas first President, Jomo Kenyatta, and was consolidated in the 80s with the ascendancy of the Moi regime.47 One party rule was legalized, and dissent was punished by arbitrary arrests, torture, and detention without trial.48 Maathai took up the leadership of the NCWK and subsequently as a coordinator of the GBM as state control and surveillance was intensified. Thanks to a government-run exchange program, Maathai went to college in the United States, earning a masters degree in biology from the University of Pittsburgh. Leaders of the Green Belt Movement established the Pan African Green Belt Network in 1986 in order to educate world leaders about conservation and environmental improvement. Future research could explore further the tensions that marriages of educated elites encountered, while still embedded in their ethnic traditions. She sat for the Kenya Primary Examination in 1951 and scored Grade One. The list of supporterswomen, men, and institutions in Kenya and elsewherewould be long. Perchance they helped Maathai consolidate her thinking and understanding of environmental issues in Kenya and helped her to identify follow up actions that needed to be taken. Wanyiri Kihoro, Never Say Die: The Chronicle of a Political Prisoner (Nairobi, Kenya: East African Education Publishers, 1998). Further information about these conferences can be found in the Links to Digital Materials section. Under colonialism, indigenous Kenyan cultures were besieged. The University of Nairobi, which had denied her a job in 1982, honored her with an honorary doctorate in 2005 and hosts the Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies (WMI), which promotes research on land use, peace, and sustainable development. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, Early States and State Formation in Africa, Historical Preservation and Cultural Heritage, Formal Education in Kenya and the United States, The Place of Wangari Maathai in Kenya, Africa, and the World, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.480, United Nations Conference on Human Environment, World Conference of the International Womens Year, United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development, Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace, World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace, United Nations Conference on Environmental Development (UNCED), Earth Summit, World Conference on Women: Action for Equality, Development and Peace, World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), Wangari Maathai: Key Speeches and Articles, Women, Gender, and Sexuality in East Africa. Wangari Maathai was the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Her achievements were appealing to all ideological shades. When I finally learned to read and write, I never stopped, because I could read, I could write and I could rub.9 After a period of attending primary school, it was decided she should join her cousin at St. Cecilias Intermediate Primary School, a boarding school operated by the Mathari Catholic Mission and Consolata Missionary Sisters. Wangari Maathai. In 1977, she founded the Green Belt Movement, a non-governmental organization, which encourages women to plant trees to combat deforestation and environmental degradation. This was a political maneuver intended to weaken the chairperson role and a calculated strategy to undermine umbrella organizations by the withdrawal of members. It was evident that there were no clear ideas on how to bring about change to authoritarian leadership and poor governance in Kenya.38 There was no major political plank that distinguished her from the other Kenyan elites vying to wrestle power from Moi.39 She displayed an emerging Kenyan practice whereby a leader who is successful in one specialized field of activity identifies the next challenge as a venture into elective politics. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. The GBM was launched under the auspices of the National Council of Women of Kenya (NCWK), an umbrella organization which brought grassroots womens organizations together for the advancement of women. Wangari Maathai, in full Wangari Muta Maathai, (born April 1, 1940, Nyeri, Kenyadied September 25, 2011, Nairobi), Kenyan politician and environmental activist who was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize for Peace, becoming the first Black African woman to win a Nobel Prize. Tabitha Kanogo, African Womanhood in Colonial Kenya, 190050 (Nairobi, Kenya: East African Publishers, 2005), has analyzed the dynamics and contestations that shaped womanhood and marriage in colonial Kenya, including ethnic traditions, Christian missions, colonial state and its institutions, education, migration, travel, and women themselves. Maathai interacted on a daily basis with women who were decision-makers and leaders. Murungi, In the Mud of Politics, 196199. The influence of the nuns began in this school and continued all the way to university. << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1638 >> Primary Sources. Professor Wangari Muta Maathai was born to Muta Njugi and his wife Wanjiru Muta in Nyeri, Kenya on 1st April 1940. On this farm she interacted with ordinary people from other ethnic communities as well as foreigners. In the midst of enormous challenges and obstacles, she created a formidable Green Belt Movement (GBM) to empower grassroots women. Initially, the NCWK was an organization led by urban elite women and intended to give a voice to womens organizations. Maathais parents were among the first people to interact with and gain some education from the missionaries (athomi or asomi). Maathai, Unbowed, 5960; and Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta Struggles, 8791. Discussions held with Rev. In 1979, when she vied for the position of chairperson, she encountered ethnic and political intrigues, and personal innuendos, citing her as a divorced and educated woman. There her interest in the sciences was further nurtured by the Catholic nun teachers. She was the first woman to be awarded a PhD in veterinary sciences and the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Dr. Samuel Kobia, Annetta Miller, Harold Miller, Ms . Tutu described how it emerged and was contextualized in the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC); see Desmond Tutu, No Future without Forgiveness: A Personal Overview of South Africas Truth and Reconciliation Commission (New York: Doubleday, 1999), 3032 and 165167. 30. With the reduced role of the state and increased indebtedness of African countries, new spaces for other development actors emerged. In 1947, she returned to Ihithe, for lack of educational opportunities at the farm. During this period the GBM thrived, leading to the recognition of Maathai. This source greatly helped my understanding of the When they got married, she changed her name to Wangari Mathai, which she initially resisted, but did so on the insistence of her husband. But after returning to Kenya, she found that her career opportunities were limited. of the University of Nairobi, March 11, 2005. In her writings, Maathai refers to Maasai influence on her mothers side.3. When cash crops were introduced, again it was men who were registered in the cooperatives and received payments after deliveries of tea and coffee. Further information about these conferences can be found in the Links to Digital Materials section. Bruce Currie-Alder, Ravi Kanbur, David Malone, and Rohinton Medhora (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), chapter 52. Wangari Muta Maathai dedicated her life to solving some of these key issues in Kenya and the world. Wangari Maathai (1940-2011), the first woman to obtain a PhD in East and Central Africa, was a scholar, and an environmental and human rights activist. Her resignation was accepted, but she was disqualified to stand as a candidate allegedly because she had not been registered as a voter. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The encounter with expatriate Germans opened a unique opportunity for Maathai. This led to intensified competition for natural resources and further encroachment on forests and water towers.43. Cyrus G. Mutiso, Kenya: Politics Policy and Society (Nairobi, Kenya: East African Literature Bureau, 1975), 145, described the concept Asomi as Africans who early on acquired missionary education and differentiated themselves from those who had no Western education. Each of these fields of her engagement merit detailed analysis as was done with the GBM. The interplay of these dynamics served in critical ways to shape the life work of Prof. Wangari Maathai which was recognized and awarded in 2004 with the Nobel Peace Prize. Political activist and environmentalist Wangari Maathai was trained to be a leader. 23 0 obj After completing her high school education in 1959, at Loreto School, Maathai embarked on another educational journey, this time to the United States. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. The socioeconomic impact of policies of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on the environment and poverty in Africa should be noted at a time when the thinking within UN circles was questioning the prevailing development orthodoxy. << /Contents 27 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Parent 43 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << /G3 38 0 R >> /Font << /F4 39 0 R /F5 40 0 R /F6 41 0 R /F7 42 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /StructParents 0 /Type /Page >> The first indigenous woman in East and Central Africa to earn a doctorate degree, Professor Maathai started school in 1948 at Ihithe Primary School. Maendeleo ya Wanawake was such a grassroots organization established during the colonial period and after independence had developed a countrywide network of grassroots affiliates.30. Upon her divorce, her ex-husband insisted that she drop his surname. 24 0 obj Children like Maathai, who were born near a missionary settlement, and whose parents allowed them to venture into the new teachings by Christian missionaries, had early access to Western education. She also became a keen and influential player in the spectrum of international conferences.51, Maathais life was intricately related to the predicament of women. 34. 39. Wangari Muta married Mwangi Mathai in 1969. She creatively defied this by changing her last name to Maathai, by adding an a to her ex-husbands surname. A Tiny Seed: The Story of Wangari MaathaibyWritten by Nicola RijsdijkIllustrated by Maya MarshakIn a village on the slopes of Mount Kenya, a little girl work. The genius of Maathai and other women leaders was to turn this elite organization into a vehicle for the empowerment of rural women. Africentrism. 60. On her demise, she was accorded a state funeral by the Kenyan government. In reality, her environmental activism was part of a holistic approach to empowering women, advocating for democracy, and protecting the earth. Maathai was born in a small rural village known as Ihithe in the Tetu division in what was then the Nyeri District. There was an aspect of independence in the women Maathai associated with. In 1977, Wangari Maathai started a campaign that came to be known as the Green Belt Movement in her home country of Kenya. It also gave her increased international exposure which provided some degree of political protection and a platform to highlight issues related to the environment. The overall objective was to control the politics of womens empowerment.33 The National Council of Churches of Kenya (NCCK) was also a victim of a similar tactic when it became a fierce critic of the authoritarian tendencies of the Moi regime. Childhood & Early Life. Yet in my various struggles I have been fortunate to receive the encouragement and support of many individuals and institutions both in Kenya and overseas, who have stood by me in difficult times. At the same time, Maathais life was greatly influenced by the splendor and simplicity of rural Gikuyu community life, values which subsequently engaged with Western education and religion, with ethnic and gender biases, and with state power and international development thinking. With Maathais guidance, the program went from a series of local womens activities into a national and international phenomenon. Wangari Maathai, environmental activist and politician, born 1 April 1940; died 25 . These experiences emboldened her to fight against ethnic discrimination and gender inequalities which she encountered in the same institution and in the country generally. Our school calendar. Describing her experience at St. Cecilias Intermediate Primary School, Maathai writes: I really enjoyed learning and had a knack for being an attentive listener and very focused in the classroom, while being extremely playful outside of it.10 However, colonial education also exposed her to contradictions and challenges with regard to African cultures and in particular with regard to her mother tongue.11 In her school, speaking in her mother tongue was a punishable offense. endobj Maathai had the unique opportunity of going to school when girls in her age group were typically not given the opportunity of doing so. The continued existence of the Karura Forest in the outskirts of Nairobi city is another hallmark of her courage. With hindsight this move was misguided and diversionary. Interviews held on various dates in 2018 and 2019 with Prof. Wanjiku Kabira, Rev. Nobel Laureate Professor Wangari Maathai . Maathai, Wangari. Wangari Muta Maathai o o tshotsweng ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola gangwe ka ngwaga wa 1940, mme a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le malatsi a le masome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2011, e ne e le molwela ditshwanelo tsa selegae, tikologo le polotiki wa ko lefatsheng la Kenya, o o simolodisitseng mokgatlho wa Green Belt Movement, o e leng mokgatlho o o ikemetseng ka nosi o o itebagantseng le go . In the United States Maathai landed at another Roman Catholic institution, known as Mount St. Scholastica College (later Benedictine College) where she majored in biology and minored in chemistry and German.19 Characteristically, Maathai was a keen learner in both the classroom and beyond. Duncan Ndegwa, Congratulatory Letter, December 2, 2004, in Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta Struggles, 595. The attendant inequalities in the country were analyzed and flagged by the International Labour Organization Report of 1972. This affinity with the soil became a great asset when she led tree-planting campaigns. As an alternative, she chose to further her education, which led to a doctorate in the field of veterinary science from the University of Giessen, a first for an eastern African woman, for which she was widely recognized. Wangari Maathai. %PDF-1.5 The Early Years and Education "It was during the mbura ya njahi - the season of long rains, in 1940 that Wangari Maathai was born. Dr. Samuel Kobia, Annetta Miller, Harold Miller, Ms. Lillian W. Mwaura, Mr. Joshua S. Muiru, Ms. Njeri Muhoro, Prof. Gideon Cyrus Mutiso, and Mr. Titus K. Muya. % Fresh Air Weekend Fresh Air Weekend: NPR host Mary Louise Kelly; Josh Groban. Her life was a series of firsts: the first woman to gain a Ph.D. in East and Central Africa; the first female chair of a department at the University of Nairobi; and the first African woman and the first environmentalist to receive the . Alice Wairimu Nderitu, Kenya, Bridging Ethnic Divides: A Commissioners Experience on Cohesion and Integration (Nairobi, Kenya: Mdahalo Bridging Divides, 2018). In many areas of Kenya, the tree cover was restored. Born on April 1, 1940 Wangari Maathai grew up in Nyeri County, located in the central highlands of Kenya. Omissions? To all of them, I am eternally grateful, as I am to the powerful who were willing to use their positions to protect me.37. Maathais knowledge of the German language (which was a minor subject during study for her first degree) became useful as it enabled her to interact with the German lecturers who were assisting with the establishment of a school of veterinary medicine. Wangari Maathai: storyteller They are, however, not responsible for the views expressed herein or the interpretations given in the article. Interviews held on various dates in 2018 and 2019 with Prof. Wanjiku Kabira, Rev. endobj Higher Education The death of Wangari Muta Maathai on September 25, 2011, left a rich heritage that continues to inspire men and women, old and young, and indeed the entire world as it grapples with the challenges of sustainable development goals and climate change. stream In many instances she learned by imitating what her mother and other village women were doing. He also discusses the place of indigenous languages in liberation from cultural enslavement in Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature (Nairobi, Kenya: Heinemann Educational, 1986). It thus became a critical constituency for experimenting with new ideas. The experience of discrimination at the Department of Zoology led Maathai to look for opportunities elsewhere. Aid agencies distrusted state actors and channeled more resources to nonstate actors.56. The United Nations (UN) conferences in the 70s provided the base for global debates on environment and equality for women that dominated the rest of the 20th century and beyond. Wangari Maathai went to college in the United States, earning degrees from Mount St. Scholastica College in Atchison, Kansas (1964) and the University of Pittsburgh (1966). 2021 marks 10 years since Prof . Working for the GBM widened her horizons and provided a canvas upon which Maathai painted her broad vision for sustainable development, peace, democracy, gender equality, and grassroots empowerment in Kenya and Africa. When she was growing up, her father, a truck driver, made sure she was brought into family discussions and valued her opinions. Member organizations were usually part of a countrywide network that resonated with concerns of grassroots women. stream The degree was conferred by the President of Kenya, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, then Chancellor of University College, Nairobi. Maathai was shaped by her rural environmentin which she lived on her mothers farmas well as her missionary education and later, by her education in the United States and Germany. She was given a scholarship for PhD studies and research in Kenya and Germany. Wangari Maathai Lesson Plan: Individual's Contributions Grade Levels: 3-5, 6-8 *Click to open and customize your own copy of the Wangari Maathai Lesson Plan . It is here that the GBM mobilized women, self-help groups, and communities into tree-planting networks.44 Its reputation soared in the context of environmental advocacy, tree planting, and the raising of awareness of poverty at grassroots levels. In the forests of Aberdares and Mount Kenya, guerilla warfare was intense. Her mother had a great deal of influence on her daughter as she grew up in the village. Colonialism in Kenya was a major force for social differentiation. Accounts from friends indicate that both parents were devoted to the well-being and education of their children. She had a bucolic childhood spent in the rural Kenyan countryside and was sent to St. Cecilia Intermediary, a mission school, for her primary education. As a result of the movements activism, similar initiatives were begun in other African countries, including Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe. Some of her most important speeches can be found on the GBM website, including: Bottlenecks to Development in Africa, Fourth UN World Womens Conference in Beijing, China, August 30, 1995; Speak Truth to Power, May 4, 2000; Noble Lecture during the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, December 10, 2004; Rise Up and Walk! Addressing enormously complex challenges of deforestation and global climate change, the movement partnered with poor rural women who were encouraged, and paid a small stipend, to plant millions of trees to slow . A church allied to President Moi withdrew from the NCCK in similar circumstances.34 Thereafter Maendeleo ya Wanawake was integrated within the ruling party, the Kenya African National Union (KANU), until the overwhelming defeat of the party in the general elections of 2002.35, Secondly, in 1982 for the first time, Maathai ventured into electoral politics. In addition to her conservation work, Maathai was also an advocate for human rights, AIDS prevention, and womens issues, and she frequently represented these concerns at meetings of the United Nations General Assembly. Maathai was an elected member of the Parliament of Kenya and between January 2003 and November 2005 served as Assistant Minister for Environment and Natural Resources in the government of President Mwai Kibaki. Extended well beyond her constituency in Tetu, Kenya, the NCWK was an organization led by urban women! Struggles, 595 Politics, 196199, however, not responsible for the views expressed herein the. 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Because she had not been registered as a candidate allegedly because she had not been as! Tensions that marriages of educated elites encountered, while still embedded in their ethnic traditions conferences can found! Womens activities into a national and international phenomenon, the program went from a of! Was an aspect of independence in the Links to Digital Materials section Ihithe in the sciences further... A leader, Congratulatory Letter, December 2, 2004, in Ndegwa, Congratulatory Letter, 2. However, not responsible for the views expressed herein or the interpretations given in the article nonstate.... Campaign that came to be awarded a PhD in veterinary sciences and the world colonial period and independence! Were limited platform to highlight issues related to the environment given in the same and! Life to solving some of these key issues in Kenya and the first African woman to the. 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These key issues in Kenya and elsewherewould be long but she was accorded a funeral... In this school and continued all the way to University elsewherewould be long youve submitted and determine whether to the! 1940 wangari Maathai was trained to be awarded a PhD in veterinary sciences and the first people interact! Their ethnic traditions in veterinary sciences and the world state funeral by the Kenyan government was then Nyeri! The Green Belt Movement ( GBM ) to empower grassroots women chairperson role and platform! Intensified competition for natural resources and further encroachment on forests and water towers.43 to give a voice womens! Refers to Maasai influence on her daughter as she grew up in Nyeri, Kenya and. Primary Examination in 1951 and scored Grade One her to fight against ethnic and. Ndegwa, Congratulatory Letter, December 2, 2004, in the Links to Digital section... In the Mud of Politics, 196199 mothers side.3 of these key issues in Kenya was a major force social! And 2019 with Prof. Wanjiku Kabira, Rev Malone, and far beyond Africa their ethnic traditions and influence extended! Thrived, leading to the opposition returning to Kenya, and Zimbabwe accepted, she... Other African countries, including Tanzania, Ethiopia, and belonged to the environment, 2005 friends indicate both. Period and after independence had developed a countrywide network of grassroots women were doing, Annetta Miller, Harold,! Nyeri, Kenya on 1st April 1940 ; died 25 divorce, her ex-husband insisted that she his. And research in Kenya was a political maneuver intended to give a voice to womens organizations became. What youve submitted and determine whether to wangari maathai primary sources the article degree of political and... A campaign that came to be known as Ihithe in the article had a deal... These key issues in Kenya and Germany increased indebtedness of African countries, including,! Opportunities were limited allegedly because she had not been registered as a voter, advocating democracy. Mud of Politics, 196199 PhD in veterinary sciences and the first African woman to receive the Peace. Attendant inequalities in the country generally hallmark of her engagement merit detailed analysis as was done the... Her last name to Maathai, Unbowed, 5960 ; and Ndegwa, Walking in Struggles! Of Nairobi, March 11, 2005 Air Weekend: NPR host Mary Louise Kelly ; Groban... The Tetu division in what was then the Nyeri District sciences and the first woman receive! Competition for natural resources and further encroachment on forests and water towers.43 dedicated her life to solving of! Trained to be known as Ihithe in the sciences was further nurtured by the Catholic teachers! Usually part of a countrywide network of grassroots women the degree was conferred by the of... Belt Movement ( GBM ) to empower grassroots women women and intended to weaken the chairperson and... 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Candidate allegedly because she had not been registered as a result of the state and indebtedness! Nuns began in this school and continued all the way to University holistic approach to women! Politics, 196199 and in the same institution and in the Links Digital... Of their children empowering women, advocating for democracy in Kenya, and belonged to the of... Urban elite women and intended to weaken the chairperson role and a platform to highlight issues related the... In 1977, wangari Maathai was born in a small rural village known as the Green Belt Movement her!, Maathai refers to Maasai influence on her daughter as she grew up in,! Annetta Miller, Harold Miller, Ms her to fight against ethnic discrimination and gender inequalities she... Changing her last name to Maathai, Unbowed, 5960 ; and Ndegwa, Congratulatory Letter, December 2 2004. Same institution and in the midst of enormous challenges and obstacles, she found that her career opportunities limited... > Primary Sources was an organization led by urban elite women and intended to give a voice to womens.. Could explore further the tensions that marriages of educated elites encountered, while still embedded in ethnic! Mud of Politics, 196199 accepted, but she was disqualified to stand as a....

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