how did benito mussolini die

[75] However, within Italy, the subject has been a matter of extensive debate and dispute since the late 1940s to the present and a variety of theories of how Mussolini died has proliferated. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, Il Duce, Professor of Modern Italian History, Department of Italian, University College London, London, England. 945 Magazine Street, New Orleans, LA 70130 Mussolini led Italy, alright: he led it straight into disaster. The opposition then kept him locked away in a remote hotel in the mountains of Abruzzi. No autopsy was carried out on Petacci. Benito Mussolini, in full Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, byname Il Duce (Italian: The Leader), (born July 29, 1883, Predappio, Italydied April 28, 1945, near Dongo), Italian prime minister (192243) and the first of 20th-century Europes fascist dictators. [17][18] That evening,[19] with the German army in northern Italy about to surrender and the CLNAI taking control of Milan, Mussolini decided to flee the city. Mussolini and Petacci spent the rest of the night and most of the following day there.[27]. The campaign in North Africa began with a daring Anglo-American commando raid code-named Operation RESERVIST. However, the "official" explanation, with Audisio as Mussolini's executioner, remains the most credible narrative. Movie footage of what happened appears to confirm that to be the case. Additionally, it was better placed for an escape to the Swiss border. The economy was based on a system he called corporatism: Italian economic life was organized into 22 corporations, representing all industries in a major area of production, like agriculture or metallurgy, from raw materials through production to distribution. One battleship was sunk and two more disabled, neutralizing the Italian surface navy for the rest of the war. Faces of European History: Fact or Fiction? No more posturing now: this was the real thing, when all that hard work and money he had lavished on the Italian military would bear fruit and show the world that he had created a new kind of Italian: a warrior as of old. We want this, even though we think an execution platoon is too much of an honour for this man. After Lampredi's account was published, most, but not all, commentators were convinced of its veracity. These politics included the themes of racial superiority, xenophobia, and imperialism that defined his actions as a dictator. These have included Luigi Longo and Sandro Pertini who subsequently became general secretary of the Italian Communist Party and President of Italy respectively. This generally accepted version is often termed the "official version", nevertheless. How Did James Brown Die? The death of Benito Mussolini, the deposed Italian fascist dictator, occurred on 28 April 1945, in the final days of World War II in Europe, when he was summarily executed by an Italian partisan in the small village of Giulino di Mezzegra in northern Italy. [23] Lazzaro later said that: His face was like wax and his stare glassy, but somehow blind. The convoy included a number of other Italian fascist leaders. Fast Facts: Benito Mussolini. After his career as a young journalist and his service as a sharpshooter during World War I, Benito Mussolini founded Italys National Fascist Party in 1921. Backed by increasing numbers of supporters and strongarm paramilitary squads dressed in black, the Fascist leader calling himself Il Duce soon became known for fiery speeches fueled by his ever more violent political worldview. But while Mussolini died in 1945, the ideas he put a name on did not. Known For: Mussolini was a fascist dictator who ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. In the afternoon of the desecration of the corpses, both American troops arrived and a Catholic cardinal arrived. However, to reflect this lack of governmental or judicial authority, sources on the subject have used the term with quotation marks. American razor blades, it was said, were inadequate to cut his tough beard. At other times, howeverand we have to be honest about thisit can make us feel contented, perhaps even happy. In April 1945, with the Allies breaking through the last German defences in northern Italy and a general uprising of the partisans taking hold in the cities, Mussolini's situation became untenable. While these blackshirt squads cropped up all over northern Italy setting fire to government buildings, killing opponents by the hundreds Mussolini himself called for a general workers strike in 1922, as well as a march on Rome. And like his mother, he was arrested and locked away in a mental hospital, where he died in July 1942 at the age of 27. That connection was not lost on the residents of Milan, who then took out 20 years of frustration and fury on the corpses. Mussolini was the first child of the local blacksmith. He worked all night in his office (and the office lights were cleverly left on so that Italians could imagine him hard at work at 4:00am). Sometimes the death of a man has the power to move us, to make us stop what were doing, and to contemplate our common humanity and the cruelty of fate. Thus Mussolini could only watch, align himself with Hitler fully, and declare war against Germanys enemies. General William H. Simpson, commander of Ninth Army, has received little attention in the historiography of World War II. Then came actual invasion, of Sicily in July 1943 and the Italian mainland in September. For some time after his return little was heard of him. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Italian masses greeted Mussolini's death without regret. After advancing 50 miles, Graziani halted at Sidi Barrani in order, he said, to begin construction of a paved supply road back to Libya, something that would have taken months even under peacetime conditions. The New York Times MUSSOLINI ON ISLE TORE OFF HIS SHIRT; But The Ousted Dictator As A Prisoner On Ponza Soon Wearied Of Tragic Role. [29], He also claimed that he had given the order as deputy prime minister of the government in Rome and as leader of the Communist Party. Learn More. Fascist Italy was, or at least claimed to be, a totalitarian society, in which the state had complete control over the lives of its citizens. In his own mind, Il Duce felt it should be Italy fighting the French. [89][90] The first to put this forward was Franco Bandini in 1978. After the war the family of Claretta Petacci began civil and criminal court cases against Walter Audisio for her unlawful killing. The two were executed in 1943 by Italian partisans as they tried to escape to Switzerland, and their bodies were hung upside down in Milan. Not only did they fail to conquer tiny Greece, the Greeks counterattacked, drove the Italians back across the Albanian border, and for a time threatened to destroy Mussolinis army altogether. He must be handed over to a tribunal of the people so it can judge him quickly. Yes, there were achievements of a sort. Some Fascists came along and disinterred him a year later, absconding with it to a convent in the region of Lombardy, but the government was able to recover it and bury it at a Milan monastery. and was expelled from the Socialist Party. [35][37] In the afternoon, he, with other partisans, including Aldo Lampredi and Michele Moretti, drove to the De Maria family's farmhouse to collect Mussolini and Petacci. In it, he outlined the major political philosophies of nationalism and militarism and violent extremism that would direct his later life. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The night after Benito Mussolinis death, a cargo truck roared into Milans Square of the Fifteen Martyrs. Facing pressure on the home front due to increasingly stressful wartime conditions and rebelliousness from within his own ranks, Benito Mussolini was removed from office by the king and the Grand Council in July of 1943. Mussolini returned triumphantly and kept suppressing his opposition. Early life [57] Samples of Mussolini's brain were taken and sent to the United States for analysis. Italy soon used its military might to invade Greece, but the campaign was unsuccessful and unpopular at home. In this case, its hard to argue with the New York Times: a fitting end to a wretched life.. Keystone/Getty ImagesBenito Mussolini lies dead in Milans Piazza Loroto with his mistress, Clara Petacci. Some writers believe that Mussolini's death was part of a British special forces operation, with the supposed aim of retrieving compromising "secret agreements" and correspondence with Winston Churchill that Mussolini had allegedly been carrying when he was captured. The Matteotti crisis shook Mussolini, but he managed to maintain his hold on power. Benito Mussolini, pictured before his brutal death. Two days into their trek, they were identified by a group of partisans, which was probably inevitable. Still, he voraciously read the works of great European philosophers like Immanuel Kant, Georges Sorel, Benedict de Spinoza, Peter Kropotkin, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Karl Marx. [72], The re-interment in the Mussolini family crypt in Predappio was carried out on 1 September 1957, with supporters present giving the fascist salute. [81][88] Commenting on the RAI television documentary in 2004, Christopher Woods, researcher for the official history of the SOE, dismissed these claims saying that "it's just love of conspiracy-making". Setelah Jerman menyerah di Italia pada 1945, Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943, and his death marked the end of a brutal era in Italian history. Initially, Mussolini was buried in an unmarked grave but, in 1946, his body was dug up and stolen by fascist supporters. /*-->

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