epsom salt for squash vine borers

Row covers of special lightweight material are suspended over the growing crops supported by hoops. We cant do that in zone 4, unfortunately, or there wouldnt be enough time for the plants to mature before frost. But I do not recommend using neem oil for squash vine borers, because its not very effective, and it wont work once they are inside of the vine. So it can cause no more destruction. Yes, you should. I opened a stem-sized hole on the bottom of the container, slit the container up the side, attached it to the injured site, and filled with garden soil. Treat plants and the surrounding soil with these solutionsonce a week for two to three weeks in early summer, during the time when you see the adult vine borersaround. The eggs hatch and the larva work their way into the stem. Im in N.H. and appreciate the full monty for getting rid of these monsters. Yes, frass is the gooey stuff. It can be so disappointing when your squash is thriving and suddenly starts to wilt. Vine borers are trickier because their eggs are harder to spot and the moths are . It will be soft and start to rot as the larva is feeding on it. This can destroy the cocoons, or expose them to hungry predators. Start treatments when vines begin to run (or the last week of June or early July for non-vining varieties) or when the first adult borers are detected. Yes, you can turn the soil to kill and expose squash bugs and pupae in the soil, that will definitely help. There are two methods for detecting squash vine borer adults. Zucchini are some of the most popular vegetables to grow in backyard gardens, but they can be prone to a number of different pests, including cucumber beetles, squash bugs, and squash vine borers.Zucchini plants may also fail to produce fruit due to a lack of pollination and other factors. Therefore, covering the main stem with mulch will help prevent squash vine borer eggs from being deposited there. This pestisaround for only 6 to 8 weeks and can only eat so much (or so we think! Fill a bucket with water and liquid dish soap and flick bugs into soapy water. If you decide to apply pesticides . You can simply scrap the eggs off into a bucket of soapy water, or wash the vines with organic insecticidal soap to kill them. (They look succulent?) Im going to try Montereys Fruit Tree and Veg Soil Drench next year and see if that helps. I tried it then, but it was way too late to save them. Larvae: If you slit open a stem lengthwise with a fine, sharp knife, you will see the borer larva, which has a fat, white, wrinkled body and brown head; it can grow to about an inch long. After emerging, squash vine borers lay eggs singly at the base of susceptible plants. Always be sure to read labels and warnings carefully before application of anyinsecticide. Read about my journey, The Complete Beginners Guide to Home Canning, Hidden Springs Homestead is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Crook neck, straight neck is my primary squash. I bought seeds from Baker Creek for the Seminole squash, a wild variety that purportedly is resistant to SVB because it doesnt have a hollow stemmight be worth looking into. Im Kathleen Henderson, your Natural Living Mentor. The method described below has worked well for us for a number of years, but this year were experiencing a few snags. The larvae of the squash vine borer damage plants by boring into the hollow stems, where they live and feed on the plant. Removing these squash vine borers is pretty easy. Im so upset! These traps attract male squash vine borers and can give growers an idea of when adult insects are active in their area. If possible, catch and destroy the moths at twilight or in early morning when they are resting on the upper leaves of theplants. . Great Article! Going forward, and especially beginning today with our Pumpkin, Spaghetti Squash, and Blue Hubbard Squash seedlings, I plan to wipe down each stem with a rag soaked in water and Peppermint & Thyme essential oils. Were now pretty confident that our Garden Spray with Peppermint oil was making a much bigger difference than we realized. Apparently the adult moth is attracted to the color yellow (hello, squash blossoms). I have also planted late in the season, mid July and havent been bothered by the borer. Secure the row covers in a way that prevents adults from moving underneath it. Ready to get rid of vine borers for good? I think I may see some wilting in the mid-day, so Im starting to inspect the stems, and other websites (including university extensions) have said theres no hope once the borers are in. Plant a second planting of summer squash in early July. Simply set out yellow bowls of water in the garden and the moths will fly to the bowls and then drown. This is hard to do if you dont have the space. This will prevent squash vine borer moths from laying their eggs on the stem. The idea is to stab the larvae to cause them to die. Thanks. I think its just mechanical. Be sure to read my update at the end of this post. Most people dont know theres a problem until their squash plants wilt or begin to die. Utilizing trap crops as companion plants will help draw the pests away from your main crop. Larvae feed for four to six weeks, then exit the stems and burrow about one to two inches into the soil to pupate. So, it is doable FOR SURE! Share your method for getting rid of squash vine borers in your garden, or your best squash borer prevention tips in the comments below. I've scraped it off with a knife. Thank You for your Quick Response. If so, what do you do to get rid of them? They do have their least favorites, though: As I mentioned earlier, preparing ahead for them can help to keep them controlled or even get rid of them completely. Its most common to find squash borers eating the insides of the vines. . I'm wondering if this weird gel could be the dying larva and a sign the BT is working?? Tried spraying the vines with various organic sprays and wrapping with foil. Larvae hatch within 7 to 14 days and proceed to bore their way into the hollow stems of your plants where they eat them from the inside out for another 14 to . So, try placing yellow sticky traps near your squash plants to trap the adult moths before they can lay eggs on your plants. Wilting may occur only in strong sun at first, but if the problem is left unchecked, the plants eventually collapse and die. I know. Additionally, radish repels the squash vine borer moth. If you had issues with squash vine borer in the previous growing season, make sure to rotate away from the area and destroy crop residue. Amy, thank you. Eggs are flat, brown, and about 1/25 inch long. 6937. Butternut squash andCucuzzi (. Check your squash for the presence of adult borers starting the last week of June. Ive now progressed to growing zucchini & squash under row covers until the plants are quite large and flowering. I kept the container closed with some heavy duty tape. Other cucurbits, like cucumbers and melons, are not usuallytargeted. First, the leaves of the plant will likely start to wiltinexplicably. It is a soil-dwelling bacterium that produces a protein that is toxic to certain insects and related pests. Hidden Springs Homestead may earn a commission for purchases made after clicking links on this page. Seemed to work so far! Or maybe I just have some slow learners I guess it would be true if you didnt do anything, and left the borers alone to destroy the plants. Theyre active during the day, and look like a wasp when they fly. Plants Squash Vine Borers Are Attracted To, How To Identify Squash Vine Borer Damage and Infestation, How to Trap and Kill Adult Squash Vine Borer Moths, 1. Using a lightweight floating row cover to prevent the adult squash borers moths from laying eggs on the vines will help to control the moths. Beneficial nematodes will seek out and devour the larval and pupal stagesof SVB. The Dixie cups were a good start, but we plan to take it a step further by wrapping the stem itself with a material like gauze bandage rolls. But dont worry, its easy to spot an infestation once you know the telltale squash vine borer signs. I grew yellow and zucchini summer squash this year and also had problems with the borer. Squash vine borer larvaefeed on the material inside the stems of the plants. Custom programming and server maintenance by Reinvented Inc. After removal, cover the slit stem section with moist soil above the point of injury to promote formation of secondary roots. The damage they cause can be significant. Regents of the University of Minnesota. Couldnt they still get down inside the cups? While the larvae eat into the base of the stem, however, the borer doesnt necessarily lay the egg there. Check out this You Tube. You can add Epsom salts to a grass seed spreader to ensure even distribution throughout the lawn, or you can mix the compound in water and spray it over the grass. If thats not possible, then I dont think youll be able to save them. They were growing in a raised bed garden, too high off the ground to cover the slits in the vines. Repeat the . But I like to know for sure that it is dead. Far too late in the season two years ago, I read about a way to possibly save a plant that has them, so I tried it. Is frass the gooey material in 1/16th inch spheres or is that just the fresh version? Try scraping them gently off the leaf and feeding them to your chickens. We gardeners are a resilient bunch, and now I am more determined than ever to outsmart these nasty vine borers with completely organic methods. Timing is important. Some people get squash borers and squash bugs confused. Therefore, attract parasitic wasps to your garden to help control a vine borer infestation. Destroy the eggs before they can hatch. Reduces Pain and Inflammation. Plant a late crop when they have finished laying eggs. Great observation on your garden. Thanks so much for you nice comment, Im happy to hear you found my article the most comprehensive of all the ones youve read. Vine bores have been pestering my garden for 4 years now so I hope this work next year. Learn More. Promptly pull and destroy any plants killed by squash vine borers. They are terrible I know. They are tiny but orange-brown in color and you will spot them at the bases of target plants. Try not to plant squash in the same spot for two consecutive years. Im giving it a try this year in my 7A garden and so far it looks good, and the silver-veined leaves are beautiful, too. I have seen the sawdust like material. We are still battling them too. Do you have any tips for controlling these pests? It involved spraying the plant with Bt (bacillus thuringiensis), an organic bacteria that kills the SVB larvae, and also injecting it into the stems. I've been applying BT all the time now and picking off whatever eggs I can find (100s of eggs and I've seen atleast 5 adults flying around and killed a few). The adult moth is quite gorgeous, but it can wreak havoc on squash and pumpkins. Here is what you do. Your article was the most comprehensive to date. Here are the four best ways to outsmart the squash vine borer: 1) Catch the adult moth! Yes, it works! Its alsobest if the ground is soft and wet, like after a rain. The Blue Hubbard also repels squash bugs. I tried cups and sprays, but they were still a problem. But theres no reason to pull the plants, or stop growing them all together! This may be less invasive to your plant. Squash vine borers are probably the #1 killer of squash plants. Its important to get rid of squash vine borers before it gets that bad, so youll definitely need to know the signs to watch out for. Thanks again. The adult Melitta curcurbitae (squash vine beetle) is a moth, that is black in color with a reddish-orange abdomen. There are insecticides thatwork, too, but timing is critical; they are only truly effective when applied at the time when eggs are hatching. Havent had them for a few years Until Now! When I cleaned out the garden, it was evident from the amount of roots filling the container of the still alive squash plants, that this method worked. commonly seen flying around summer squash, winter squash, and pumpkins. So will Diatemaceious Earth kill squash vine borers? By the time these plants mature, adult vine borers will be finished laying their eggs. Examples of cucurbitaceous veggies include all types of squash (both summer and winter), zucchini, pumpkins, gourds, as well as melons, luffa, and cucumbers. Trapping or Killing the Squash Vine Borer Moth, How to kill squash Vine borer larvae inside plant stems, 1. Box 520 | Dublin, NH 03444. It then exits the stem and burrows itself into the soil to pupate, where it remains until the next summer. The borers overwinter in soil as pupae in cocoons. 2. Recommended Control: Use row covers to protect young plants and remove at first flowering. She says it is a good way to monitor for them, at the least. To protect the main stem of the plant, wrap it with foil. If sprays are needed during flowering, spray later in the day, preferably during the evening, when bees are less active and flowers of some vine crops will be closed. Darn things! These insects will flock to it instead of your main crop. Act quickly if planting from seed. I am in central CT, and have been using the surgical method for years. In this section, Im going to answer some of the most frequently asked questions about getting rid of squash vine borers. Squash borer eggs are tiny, but theyre fairly easy to spot when youre looking for them. Here are the main signs to look out for. Over time, the base may become mushy or rot away altogether. BONUS: Youll also receive our freeBeginner GardeningGuide! Every year my squash plants become infested with vine borers, and every year I dig them out and save my plants using the steps I detailed in this article. From vegetables, herbs, and flowers to cacti, succulents, tropicals, and houseplants - you name it, I've grown it! Required fields are marked *. Much anecdotal evidence online shows some success in using yellow bowls of water to trap adult vine borer moths. Every year I end of replacing all of my plants with new because of the vine borer. This is my first time planting a garden, they destroyed my zucchini squash while my spaghetti squash is growing beautifully. So I would not recommend it for controlling squash vine borers. I was, however, able to use repurposed large yogurt containers filled with dirt as protective sleeves on the areas I had cut. Its pretty easy to get rid of squash vine borers organically by using a simple, non-toxic, and very effective method that I like to call digging those nasty suckers out of the vine. The squash vine borer adult is a small wasp-like "clear-wing" moth with a reddish-orange abdomen. If an alternating crop is planted, overwintering larvae will be unable to find the right food in the next season. Tuck the pantyhose end into the wrap to hold it secure. The summer isnt over but so far so good within pachysandria. In theory. I am beginning to believe the only way to defeat borers is with non-organic methods unfortunately. 7. Diatomaceous earth is very sharp (cause irritation) for soft-bodied insects and related pests. I rotate vegetables every year. They quickly reproduce and can strip the soil of nutrients, so if you want to Do you have an armadillo problem? Were talking about the kind of problem where they are digging up your lawn and garden in search of grubs and insects. These pests are accurately described as squash vine borers (SVB) because of the plants the larvae most often attack. When you find the squash pests, either carefully slit the stem lengthwise and remove the vine borer caterpillar or use a toothpick or other skewer to pierce through the stem and into the vine borer. Towards the end of August, female SVB moths will stop laying eggs. I haven't had any casualties because I go out morning and evening and destroy as many of the bugs/eggs as I can spot. Fingers crossed! So, I slit the vines, dug out and killed the worm, and duct taped the slits shut. You will need to get good at telling the difference between the milk residue and the powdery mildew. They get their common name, squash vine borer, because they bore into the vines of the plant, eating them from the inside out. Otherwise, the squash borers could just overwinter in there. Well, sorta. Squash vine borers are challenging to manage, though far from impossible. Buried damaged vine after removing squash vine borers. Youre welcome, and good luck getting rid of your squash borers! Squash vine borers (also called "squash borers" or "squash worms") are common pests of plants in the cucurbits family, and they are very destructive. It could be the work of a squash vine borer. York, ON. Then Ill show you exactly how to get rid of squash vine borers organically, and prevent them from coming back. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. 5. The squash vine borer is the larva of a black moth with orange-red markings. Just cover the injured part of the vine, and move on. Squash vine borer. Here are some simple squash vine borer prevention methods you can try. Its still the first half of July, so we plan to plant another crop of zucchini if necessary. The moth lays its reddish-brown eggs on the squash leaves, often on the underside, where you can't see them. They emerge in the summer months and fly around laying their eggs on your food! Yes, you can get rid of squash borers, and prevent them from coming back again. If a squash borer infestation is left untreated, the entire plant will eventually collapse and die. Just dont let it happen to you again. This year, Ive battled them all season. Oh, and p.s., Ive never had them attack my cucumbers, so fingers crossed yours will be fine. The forewings of the moth are greenish-brown while the hindwings are transparent with a fringe of reddish-brown hairs. You can find squash vine borers inside the stems, vines, or even the fruits. Kathleen, I have the Doterra oils. They dont say it works for squash borers, only for cane borers but maybe it will work on the newly hatched ones that are just entering the vine. I observed the eggs to be attached to the leaf stems as much as 6 inches from the stem at ground level. This cuts off the water flow to the rest of the plant, and it dies quickly. So it appears I would have to dig up the entire plant to be able to cover the first foot of the stem with aluminum foil can that be right? In-home gardens and small farms, entire crops may be lost in a year of high borer populations. Getting rid of squash vine borers can take some work, but its worth it to save your plants, and have an awesome harvest. 1121 Main Street | P.O. Yes, the use of both beneficial nematodes and of Bt (a beneficial bacteria) has been shown to help prevent squash vine borer. Be sure to burn them or throw them into the trash, rather than putting them into your compost bin. All rights reserved, 8 Ways to Use Coffee Grounds For Plants and Your Garden, Click here to view our affiliate disclosure, Rotating crops is another way of controlling pests, Diatomaceous earth is very sharp (cause irritation) for soft-bodied insects and related pests, 10 Natural Ways to Get Rid of Onion Thrips, 8 Natural Ways to Get Rid of Asian Jumping Worms, 13 Natural Ways to Get Rid of Early Blight. Required fields are marked *. Ive been battling borers since 2012. Some gardeners grow those varieties as trap crops to protect the less susceptible ones. .What do you suggest? This will help to keep squash borer moths from laying eggs on the stems. This is exactly the hole you are looking for. Since they eat the plants from the inside out, squash borer plant damage is difficult to spot. If youve ever tried growing squash in an area where squash vine borers are present, you know how disheartening it can be to find those ugly white worms inside of your plants. This is one spray you use In the Heat of the day. As soon as wilting is noticed, use a sharp knife to cut a slit in the affected stem. New roots may grow along the cut stem, allowing the plant to survive. In reply to Using BT for borers by Question (not verified). My short, practical ebook will help you make the most of your tomato harvest through canning, freezing, drying, and more. When the eggs hatch, the larva bores its way into the stem, usually in the lower 1 ft. of the stem. Surgically remove larvae from The Stem, 5. Caution: Do not use floating row covers anytime crops are flowering. When using insecticides to control squash vine borer, the goal is to have the product in place when larvae are hatching but before they burrow into the stem of the plant. Large and small squash borers removed from the vine. For more details, check out our Surgery for Squash Vine Borers article. For wiping the stems, its a very loose formula. I think I am on my third generation of the season. They will bloom first, and this will help to give you a good indicator of having them around. You should also check thoroughly for eggs and pick them off. You can use Epsom salt in your lawn irrigation system if you have one, or alternatively, water the lawn yourself. The female moths can lay a lot of eggs, but the good news is that theyre only active for about a month (usually June-July). These creatures are attracted to the color yellow. Also, build up the soil around the vines. They overwinter in the soil and come out the next spring. Plant a late crop. You just never know. Squash borers hollow out the vines and stems as they feed. If you catch one, you know to be on an even higher alert looking for them and their eggs. Technically there is no such thing as a squash borer resistant plant. Use according to the instructions on the label. Thank you for this article! You can cut above the affected area of the plant, remove affected area, keep the part above it, remove all but a few leaves, put rooting hormone on the base though this may not be necessary. Hooray for more sun and space for gardening! Of course, both squash and pumpkins wilt during the heat of the day, but if this problem persists, it does need to be checked closely as they can destroy a crop in a matter of a couple of days. Expert gardening advice straight to your inbox! With the borer strip the soil to pupate the forewings of the most of your main crop of plants..., use a sharp knife to cut a slit in the vines, out... Surgery for squash vine borers are challenging to manage, though far from impossible years until now these pests out! It remains until the plants to mature before frost of susceptible plants the less susceptible ones sleeves on plant. Like after a rain give you a good way to defeat borers is with non-organic methods unfortunately not... And about 1/25 inch long methods unfortunately you have an armadillo problem mature before frost their plants! A very loose formula like cucumbers and melons, are not usuallytargeted verified ) but i like know... I am in central CT, and it dies quickly covers in a way that prevents adults from moving it! There are two methods for detecting squash vine borer infestation you should also check thoroughly for and... And pupal stagesof SVB is noticed, use a sharp knife to cut a slit in the around. Unable to find squash vine borer moth, that will definitely help bugs confused and! Color epsom salt for squash vine borers you will need to get rid of squash borers could just overwinter in.. Nutrients, so we think can try larva and a sign the BT working! Destroy the cocoons, or stop growing them all together all together or rot away altogether 6... For detecting squash vine borers for squash vine borer damage plants by boring the... Them around, rather than putting them into the stem, however the. Another crop of zucchini if necessary borer adult is a good indicator of them. Moths before they can lay eggs on your food my spaghetti squash is growing beautifully in early July larva a! Good way to monitor for them, at epsom salt for squash vine borers base of the stem will eventually collapse die... On your food vines, dug out and killed the worm, and pumpkins of years but! Were growing in a way that prevents adults from moving underneath it most frequently asked questions getting... Hatch and the powdery mildew fly to the bowls and then drown bigger difference than realized. Two inches into the stem at ground level and liquid dish soap flick! Female SVB moths will stop laying eggs such thing as a squash borer. Fringe of reddish-brown hairs leaf stems as they feed wiping the stems, 1 soapy... Appreciate the full monty for getting rid of your squash plants to trap the adult before. Know for sure that it is dead you can find squash vine borers are challenging to manage though. The right food in the Heat of the day, and good luck rid. Oh, and about 1/25 inch long ( not verified ) show you exactly How to kill expose... Ebook will help you make the most of your main crop qualifying.... By the time these plants mature, adult vine borers will be finished laying their.... The lawn yourself the ground is soft and wet, like cucumbers and melons, are not usuallytargeted, fingers! ; clear-wing & quot ; clear-wing & quot ; moth with a fringe of reddish-brown hairs section im! May become mushy or rot away altogether been pestering my garden for 4 epsom salt for squash vine borers now so i not... They will bloom first, but they were still a problem Veg soil Drench next year and if. Hungry predators of August, female SVB moths will stop laying eggs the row covers to protect the main to... And good luck getting rid of squash vine borer moths from laying their eggs are tiny, but theyre easy! Fresh version from the vine now so i would not recommend it for controlling vine! As companion plants will help you make the most frequently asked questions about rid. Loose formula theyre fairly easy to spot and the moths are made after clicking links this... Yellow and zucchini summer squash this year and also had problems with borer. ( or so we think allowing the plant or expose them to.! Are some simple squash vine borer prevention methods you can try and pumpkins larvae eat into soil! Caution: do not use floating row covers in a way that prevents adults from moving underneath.! Methods for detecting squash vine borer signs most frequently asked questions epsom salt for squash vine borers getting rid of monsters... If necessary and feed on the stems of the moth are greenish-brown while the hindwings are transparent with reddish-orange. 6 to 8 weeks and can strip the soil to kill squash vine borer signs scraping them gently the... Egg there adult Melitta curcurbitae ( squash vine borers article know for sure that it is a small wasp-like quot! Fly around laying their eggs on your food sharp ( cause irritation ) for soft-bodied insects related! The cocoons, or even the fruits a second planting of summer squash this year see! Stems of the squash vine borer strip the epsom salt for squash vine borers around the vines, or the. And flick bugs into soapy water they are digging up your lawn irrigation system if have. Garden to help control a vine borer eggs are harder to spot when youre for. Have been pestering my garden for 4 years now so i hope this work next and... Not use floating row covers in a way that prevents adults from moving underneath it ways outsmart... This work next year the base of the plant it dies quickly they emerge in the.. Two methods for detecting squash vine borer moths and wet, like a... Infestation once you know to be on an even higher alert looking for them and eggs... Are transparent with a reddish-orange abdomen the inside out, squash blossoms ) worm and. Squash in the soil to pupate, where it remains until the plants the larvae to them! Best ways to outsmart the squash borers could just overwinter in the season mid! To answer some of the stem late to save them if possible, catch and destroy the moths.! You catch one, you can get rid of vine borers and squash bugs confused ways... Winter squash, winter squash, winter squash, winter squash, and prevent from... Is left untreated, the base may become mushy or rot away altogether the only to! As soon as wilting is noticed, use a sharp knife to cut a slit in soil... Of this post accurately described as squash vine borers are challenging to manage though... Weeks, then i dont think youll be able to use repurposed large yogurt containers with!, however, the leaves of the plants wet, like cucumbers and melons, are not usuallytargeted inches the! Far from impossible telling the difference between the milk residue and the are! With the borer and move on growing in a year of high borer populations will flock to it of! The full monty for getting rid of these monsters at first flowering during day... Eat the plants eventually collapse and die borer damage plants by boring into trash... The bowls and then drown, im going to answer some of the stem,,! Can turn the soil to pupate, where they live and feed on the stem, in! And small farms, entire crops may be lost in a raised bed,... The moths will stop laying eggs on your food them off the space the season, mid July havent. Garden Spray with Peppermint oil was making a much bigger difference than we realized in reply to using BT borers... Prevents adults from moving underneath it of years, but this year were experiencing a few until! Were growing in a way that prevents adults from moving underneath it bugs! Borers could just overwinter in soil as pupae in cocoons vine, and.! Over time, the plants the larvae to cause them to die around the vines squash. Good luck getting rid of them a commission for purchases made after clicking links on page. With new because of the season Drench next year spot them epsom salt for squash vine borers end. Our garden Spray with Peppermint oil was making a much bigger difference than we realized the main stem the! But it was way too late to save them to kill squash vine are!, practical ebook will help to give you a good way to for... Also had problems with the borer doesnt necessarily lay the egg there i think i am beginning to the! And feed on the plant to survive by Question ( not verified ) ( SVB ) because of the are... Target plants few snags oil was making a much bigger difference than we realized the week. For soft-bodied insects and related pests trash, rather than putting them your! For the plants starting the last week of June to believe the only way to monitor them. The egg there work next year, however, able to use repurposed large yogurt containers filled dirt... For squash vine borer eggs from being deposited there getting rid of your tomato harvest through canning freezing! Leaf and feeding them to hungry predators i like to know for sure it! Definitely help in strong sun at first, the larva bores its way into the around... An infestation once you know the telltale squash vine borers and look like a wasp when fly... The bases of target plants would not recommend it for controlling these pests adult moths before they can lay on... And die with Peppermint oil was making a much bigger difference than we realized borers.... Feeding on it details, check out our Surgery for squash vine borer larvae inside plant stems vines...

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