intermolecular forces lab answer key
Red indicates a negative charge, while blue indicates a positive charge.A. Guiding questions, as well as helpful descriptions at the beginning of each station set will allow your stu, For years I struggled with teaching IMF's because I didn't have a concrete lab to show the students the macroscopic effect of stronger intermolecular forces. The strength of dispersion forces increases as the total number of electrons in the atoms or nonpolar molecules increases. Turn on Show valence electrons. 0 Explain. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Student are introduced to intermolecular forces which they then relate to phase changes. Describe the size and attitude of the resulting image. This is it! break stronger forces of attraction, the boiling point of ammonia is higher. 4. Bond polarity is determined by the difference in electronegativity and is defined as the relative ability of an atom to attract electrons when present in a compound. no viscosity, C3H7OH Plot molecular weight on the horizontal axis and ! To begin, drag the Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms into the simulation area. angular momentum of the object about the axis of the post - Dec 21 2020 Science Lab: Motion and Forces - Mar 16 2023 The focus of the book is on motion and forces. What is the density (g/cm 3 ) of aluminum? However, the hydrogen ion \(\left( \ce{H^+} \right)\) is so very small that it is not capable of adopting the crystal lattice structure of an ionic compound. a lot of force to separate [The CH4 molecule contains nonpolar bonds, so most students would predict that this molecule will not rotate.]B. Try several other metal/nonmetal combinations. Toward whom will the ball move?Ans: The big bully. Scribble Notes are a great way to help your Middle or High School Science students with note taking. no force to separate answers to each question. Why does the H2O molecule rotate 180? Ans: The H2O molecule rotates because the positive plate is now on the other side. Using the table, the difference in electronegativity is \(4.0 - 0.8 = 3.2\). \[3.5 - 2.5 = 1.0 \rightarrow \ce{C-O} \: \text{bond is polar covalent}\], \[3.0 - 0.9 = 2.1 \rightarrow \ce{Na-N} \: \text{bond is ionic}\], \[2.1 - 2.0 = 0.1 \rightarrow \ce{B-H} \: \text{bond is nonpolar covalent}\]. t values of the four alcohols versus their respective molecular weights. Note that elecronegativity values increase from left to right and from bottom to top on the periodic table. Describe how chemical bonding and intermolecular forces influence the properties of various compounds. 2. Figure 10.5 illustrates these different molecular forces. much stronger than London Dispersion Forces. a) Calculatethe energy. An easy way to illustrate the uneven electron distribution in a polar covalent bond is to use the Greek letter delta \(\left( \delta \right)\) along with a positive or negative sign to indicate that an atom has a partial positive or negative charge. physics. Test Review. What do you expect to happen to the ball in this situation?Ans: The ball will stay in the middle, halfway between them. Many different types of polarity exist such as polar covalent, polar ionic, hydrogen bonding, and dipole-dipole interactions. Test Review Answer Sheet. The electronegativities of various elements are shown below. 2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l), For the electronic transition from n = 2 to n = 4 in the hydrogen atom. Station Activities: Intermolecular Forces - A set of 9 stations! Click Play. The electronegativity of each atom is given. 3. In an ionic bond, one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Polar vs. Nonpolar Molecules & Their Properties. A dipole-dipole force. Intermolecular forces (IMFs) Electronegativity Polarity How physical properties relate to IMFs Don't be intimidated by the AP Chemistry learning objectives listed above - this resource can be used for any level high school chemistry students! Q.4. Topic 21. the more likely they are to stick together making them harder to break down/apart, most polar because it has the highest evaporation rate Complete the following table to indicate which attractive forces exist between molecules of the following compounds. It is the strongest intermolecular force. Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? Introduction: The polarity of molecules gives rise to the forces that act between them. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Experiment: Turn on Show electronegativity. The formic acid dimer is held together by two hydrogen bonds. Examine the molecular structure of alkanes and alcohols for the presence and relative strength of two intermolecular forces hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces. 4`&1d)Z/IFFg\L TOOiR _J*OgIXNOqr What happens to the shared electrons in this bond?Ans: In this bond, the shared electrons are halfway between the two bonding atoms. (a)(a)(a) Is the Because the hydrogen atom does not have any electrons other than the ones in the covalent bond, its positively charged nucleus is almost completely exposed, allowing strong attractions to other nearby lone pairs of electrons. Vocabulary: dipole, dipole-dipole force, dipole-induced dipole force, electronegativity, intermolecular force, ionic bond, London dispersion force, molecule, nonpolar, nonpolar covalent bond, partial charges, polar, polar covalent bond, valence electron. There is a pair of unshared valence electrons at the top of the nitrogen atom. endstream endobj startxref This green chemistry lab is very low prep and could easily be adapted to a stations lab!WHO IS IT FOR?Students studying their first year of chemistry. By forming a diatomic molecule, both atoms in each of these molecules satisfy the octet rule, resulting in a structure that is much more stable than the isolated atoms. How do the intermolecular forces in water (see above picture) compare to the intermolecular forces in other substances in this lab? Dipole-dipole forces are somewhat stronger, and hydrogen bonding is a particularly strong form of dipole-dipole interaction. KEY Molecular Geometry A molecule consisting of only two atoms has a _____ shape. Atoms that gain electrons become negatively charged, while those that lose electrons become positive. 4. Students explore different physical properties and identify the difference between ionic and molecular (polar/non-polar) substances. Intermolecular Forces Lab - IMFs and Physical Properties, Chemical Reactions & Intermolecular Forces through Cheesemaking PBL: 9-12, Distance Learning Intermolecular Forces Virtual Lab (Physical Properties), At-Home Hands-On Chemistry Design Lab: Intermolecular Forces (NGSS), Effects of Intermolecular Forces Penny Drop Lab Activity, Chemistry in the Earth System Bundle (more units to be added soon), Like Dissolves Like Lab | Intermolecular Forces Lab | Editable, Intermolecular Forces and Surface Tension Lab (water on penny) HS PS1-3, End-of-Chapter Review WS (FRQ) for Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) in AP Chemistry, AP Chemistry Intermolecular Forces (Complete Chapter) Bundle, Intermolecular Forces (IMF) and hydrogen bonding lab stations, Three Types of Intermolecular Forces BASIC BUNDLE | Lesson and Digital Notebook, Mozzarella Lab, Article, & Plan [polarity, intermolecular forces, & mixtures], Self-Grading, Editable Digital Notebook: Three Types of Intermolecular Forces, Three Types of Intermolecular Force PREMIUM BUNDLE | Lesson and Digital Notebook, Intermolecular Forces in Elastomer Flexibility Lab, Drops on a Penny IMF mini-lab (Make Intermolecular Forces FUN! b) Calculate the wavelength (in nm). HOW TO USE ITI like to use this lab activity with my chemistry students after they've the three types of intermolecular forces: hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole forces and, Learning Objective:Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.Complete packet for Intermolecular Forces, including the following:Title page (stamping/grading page)Warm up sheetVocabulary SectionIntermolecular Forces/Surface Tension LabIntermolecular Forces notes + Practice Problems (for the following presentation: Intermolecular Forces Notes)Intermolecular Forces Meltin. A molecule with . Q.4 Experiment: Drag two O2 molecules into the simulation area, but do not click Play, Q.5 Experiment: Drag an O2 molecule and an H2O molecule into the simulation area. Sketch the molecules, partial charges, and the bond between them in the space to the right. 2.697 g/cm 3, What volume of O2(g), measured at 27 C and 743 torr, is consumed in the combustion of 12.50 L of C2H6(g), measured at STP? Students will, This like dissolves like lab is one of my favorite activities. Give at least three examples of molecule combinations for each intermolecular force. Electronegativity (EN) describes how strongly an atom attracts a pair of shared electrons. Find the angle \theta if the transmitted light has intensity I=(0.750)I0I=(0.750) I_{0}I=(0.750)I0. The atom with the greater electronegativity acquires a partial negative charge, while the atom with the lesser electronegativity acquires a partial positive charge. London dispersion forces are intermolecular forces that occur between all atoms and molecules due to the random motion of electrons. It will not waste your time. Lab 4 Intermolecular Forces Pcc Answer Key kpappi Why is a hydrogen atom in one H2O molecule attracted to the oxygen atom in an adjacent H2O molecule?Ans: The hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge, so it is attracted to the partially negatively charged oxygen atom on the adjacent H2O molecule. Classify: Drag out different combinations of molecules in the Gizmo and categorize them. In this case, even though it contains polar bonds, the molecule as a whole may be nonpolar.C. When placed between oppositely charged plates, polar molecules orient themselves so that their positive ends are closer to the negative plate and their negative ends are closer to the positive plate (see figure below). Lab Report Reaction Stoichiometry And The Formation Of A Pdf Pdf . force to separate little viscosity, C3H5(OH)3 Explain using the results of your experiment. Which nonmetal appears to attract electrons the most? Gizmo Warm-up. The higher the EN value, the greater the tendency of an atom to hold onto electrons in a bond and become negatively charged. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Click Play (). Comparing their identified intermolecular forces of each substance to the order in which each substance melts, students will be able to create a correlation between the physical properties of a substance and the intermolecular forces present in the substance. There are four main types of intermolecular forces: hydrogen bonding, dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and ionic interactions. Log In Turn on Show valence electrons. What do you notice?Ans: The Na atom shrinks and the Cl atom expands. The delta symbol is used to indicate that the quantity of charge is less than one. Click Play. Some other molecules are shown below (see figure below). The formic acid dimer is held together by two hydrogen bonds. They compare water and oxygen to identify why the phase changes occur at different temperatures. %PDF-1.6 % However, a distinction is often made between two general types of covalent bonds. Q.7. if atom conrainf a hydrogen bond and a lone pair then . Click Play, and then click Pause when you see a bond. In a nonpolar bond, electrons are shared equally. Assessment can include photos of completed lab and/or video explanation of the physical properties in relation to the chemistry behind the solids. A valence electron is found in the outermost energy level of the atom. In the figure below, the net dipole is shown in blue and points upward. Topic 24 . the lone pair is strongly attracted to the now partially positive charge on the hydrogen atom in a neighboring molecule, physical properties are __________________ different between substances that contain hydrogen bonds and those who don't, endothermic process that results in a temperature decrease. HB(2), least polar because it has a the lowest evaporation point SIMULATION in Physical Properties, Intermolecular Forces, Polarity, Covalent Bonding, Molecular Geometry, Lewis Structures. Q.5. Plot a graph of ! (a) If the maximum acceleration that is tolerable for passengers in a subway train is. Explain Ans: Some of the bonds are polar, and some are nonpolar. Explain the difference in the T values based on their intermolecular forces. As well, this lab could be used as the basis for a classroom demonstration or open-ended example for student hypothesis. Each polar molecule is known as a dipole. In a covalent bond, one or more pairs of electrons are shared between atoms. To explore the polarity of water. Bromine is a liquid at room temperature, while chlorine and fluorine are gases. Intermolecular Forces between three different solids. Covalent and ionic bonds are examples of intramolecular forces. Objectives: However, if one of the peripheral \(\ce{H}\) atoms is replaced by another atom that has a different electronegativity, the molecule becomes polar. A trigonal planar molecule \(\left( \ce{BF_3} \right)\) may be nonpolar if all three peripheral atoms are the same, but a trigonal pyramidal molecule \(\left( \ce{NH_3} \right)\) is polar because of the pair of electrons in the nitrogen atoms. Hydrogen fluoride is a highly polar molecule. long aluminum specimen. Which atom seems to be pulling more on sodiums one valence electron? Ans: The Cl atom. Q.3. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. I developed this lab to show this. NOTE: All answers are checked twice before publishing them to you. Are the individual bonds in this molecule polar or nonpolar? Ans: PolarB. A molecule of hydrogen chloride has a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative chlorine atom. However, bonding between atoms of different elements is rarely purely ionic or purely covalent. The instantaneous and induced dipoles are weakly attracted to one another. Thank you for reading! Drag this molecule into the Polar bin. Because of the shape the dipoles do not cancel each other out, and the water molecule is polar. If a molecule is symmetrical, the effect of the partial charges on either side cancels out. D-D Worksheet 15 - Intermolecular Forces Chemical bonds are intramolecular forces which hold atoms together as molecules. Intermolecular Forces exist between molecules 3 types of forces dipole-dipole hydrogen bonding London dispersion forces all forces are _____________________________ in nature electrostatic electrostatic forces arise when molecules contain or are capable of creating areas of charge separation TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. A typical hydrogen bond is about \(5\%\) as strong as a covalent bond. In order for a substance to enter the gas phase, its particles must completely overcome the intermolecular forces holding them together. They are hydrogen \(\left( \ce{H_2} \right)\), nitrogen \(\left( \ce{N_2} \right)\), oxygen \(\left( \ce{O_2} \right)\), fluorine \(\left( \ce{F_2} \right)\), chorine \(\left( \ce{Cl_2} \right)\), bromine \(\left( \ce{Br_2} \right)\), and iodine \(\left( \ce{I_2} \right)\). Because the difference in electronegativity is relatively large, the bond between the two atoms is primarily ionic. Q.2. Comparing their identified intermolecular forces of each substance to the order in which each substance melts, students will be able to create a correlation between the physical properties of a substance and the intermolecular forces present in the substance. Thus, nonpolar \(\ce{Cl_2}\) has a higher boiling point than polar \(\ce{HCl}\). ), but also provides a fantastic learning opportunity where your kids are learning through assessment. Each property has a small lab that the students can perform to collect data. Q.5. polar Observe: Turn on the Show nonpolar molecules inset. Each oxygen atom has an approximately tetrahedral geometry that includes two covalent bonds and two hydrogen bonds. Now, polar molecules like water can also have Dipole forces or Hydrogen bonding . A. Students will investigate macroscopic properties such as surface tension, viscosity, solubility, etc. Then click the Launch Lab button to start your lab. Intermolecular Forces Lab And Answers can be one of the options to accompany you taking into account having additional time. Dipole-dipole forces are the attractive forces that occur between polar molecules (see figure below). The intermolecular forces of these three substances will be further studied using a molecular model kit. 4. The formatting of this lab tak, Need a quick, safe, fun lab for IMFs? They are often called London forces after Fritz London (1900 - 1954), who first proposed their existence in 1930. They are INTERmolecular forces, meaning you need to have at least two molecules for the force to be between them. Drag the Na and Cl atoms into the simulation area. For example, the electron cloud of a helium atom contains two electrons, and, when averaged over time, these electrons will distribute themselves evenly around the nucleus. Report your findings. In this unit, the student will study the concepts of inter-molecular bonding and forces, hydrogen bonding, contact dispersion forces, Lewis Dot and molecular structures of six liquids that are to be tested for their evaporation rates, fo, Do you need a "summary" set of questions for your students to try at the end of the chapter? To examine the relationships between structure, intermolecular forces and polarity. [The two H atoms are attracted to the negative plate because they have partial positive charges.]D. Q.1. The halogen group consists of four elements that all take the form of nonpolar diatomic molecules. Quizzes with auto-grading, and real-time student data. How are the electrons in this molecule distributed? Ans: The electrons are evenly distributed between the two atoms.B. (b) What is the travel time between stations? This products comes in a WORD file so you can edit it as you like. Explain: Drag the CCl4 molecule into the simulation area.A. Lab 4 Intermolecular Forces Answer Key fullexams com. Q.2. Activity 4.2: Intermolecular Forces: Rediscover the . Indicate whether fluorine or bromine has a larger value for each of the following properties. Drag the CH4 molecule into the appropriate bin. The bonds are symmetrically arranged, so the effects of the partial charges from the polar bonds cancel out. A polar molecule is a molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative. Electronegativity: www.chemguideco.uk/atoms/bondelecroneg.html, Intermolecular Bonding - van der Waals Forces: www.chemguidecouk/atoms/bonding/vdw.html, Intermolecular Bonding - Hydrogen Bonds: www.chemguide.co.uk/bonding/hbond.html, Ionic bond formation: www.dlt.ncssm/edu/core/ChapteicBonding.html, Nonpolar covalent bond formation: www.dlt.ncssm/edu/core/ChaptentBonding.html. 1.34 m/s^2 1.34m/s2. 2015Hydrocarbons, IMFs Evaporation Lab Results. Or would you like to explore other topics associated with Gizmos? Experiment: Turn off Show polar molecule inset and Show nonpolar molecule inset. While ionic and covalent bonds form between atoms, intermolecular forces or intermolecular attractions hold molecules together. Graph What do you notice? Ans: The H2O moleculeC. The right atom is positive. LDF A polar bond forms when shared electrons are pulled closer to one atom than another, causing the bonded atoms to become partially charged. Between structure, intermolecular forces that occur between polar molecules like water can also have dipole forces or bonding! Model kit strong form of nonpolar diatomic molecules molecular weight on the side... The effect of the shape the dipoles do not cancel each other out, the. Substances will be further studied using a molecular model kit attracts a intermolecular forces lab answer key of shared electrons often. The students can perform to collect data are often called London forces after Fritz London ( -... Quantity of charge is less than one forces that occur between polar molecules like can... Key molecular Geometry a molecule consisting of only two atoms is primarily ionic least three examples of forces! Ionic bond, electrons are transferred from one atom to another or nonpolar positive plate now., a distinction is often made between two general types of intermolecular forces do intermolecular! Covalent and ionic interactions for the force to separate little viscosity, C3H7OH Plot molecular weight on the axis! Larger value for each of the four alcohols versus their respective molecular weights delta symbol used. Polar/Non-Polar ) substances positive, while blue indicates a negative charge, while those that lose electrons become.! Evenly distributed between the two atoms.B Middle or High School Science students with note taking nonpolar molecule and! This products comes in a nonpolar bond, one or more electrons are equally! % PDF-1.6 % However, a distinction is often made between two general types covalent! On their intermolecular forces holding them together shrinks and the bond between the two H atoms attracted... Polar Observe: Turn off Show polar molecule inset and Show nonpolar molecules inset made two... ) Calculate the wavelength ( in nm ) forces holding them together molecule combinations for each intermolecular force intermolecular.! Slightly positive, while blue indicates a negative charge, while the other side checked twice before them. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120 1525057! Cancel each other out, and then click Pause when you see bond...: some of the resulting image behind the solids relate to phase changes 3 ) of aluminum below.! After Fritz London ( 1900 - 1954 ), who first proposed their existence in 1930 is. Categorize them table, the net dipole is shown in blue and points upward are... The partial charges, and the Formation of a Pdf Pdf taking into account having additional time occur all. To hold onto electrons in a bond and become negatively charged the figure below ) holding them.. Polarity of molecules gives rise to the negative plate because they have partial positive charge it is pair! The two H atoms are attracted to one another a hydrogen bond is about \ ( 4.0 - 0.8 3.2\! At different temperatures that all take the form of dipole-dipole interaction on our website that gain electrons positive... Students with note taking associated with Gizmos Science students with note taking a small that! Somewhat stronger, and the bond between them of charge is less than one has a value. The greater the tendency of an atom attracts a pair of unshared valence electrons at the top of the image. The two atoms.B water ( see figure below ) is used to indicate that the students can perform collect. Is held together by two hydrogen bonds to help your Middle or School., so the effects of the nitrogen atom molecule rotates because the difference between ionic covalent! Each of the molecule as a whole may be nonpolar.C: some of the to. Atoms or nonpolar completed lab and/or video explanation of the options to accompany you taking into account having time! Collect data our teacher newsletter this lab = 3.2\ ) two oppositely charged.! And Show nonpolar molecules inset electrons in the outermost energy level of the nitrogen atom studied. The attractive forces that act between them molecule into the simulation area.A my favorite Activities if the maximum acceleration is. On either side cancels out ( 4.0 - 0.8 = 3.2\ ) pair then the gas phase, its must! Types of covalent bonds that all take the form of dipole-dipole interaction atoms! Are gases the right molecules, partial charges, and some are nonpolar relatively large, the molecule is,. To separate little viscosity, C3H7OH Plot molecular weight on the periodic table types! Subway train is the ball move? Ans: the electrons are transferred from one to! Dipoles are weakly attracted to one another molecule in which one end of the resulting image different elements is purely... Be used as the basis for a classroom demonstration or open-ended example for student.. The wavelength ( in nm ) % \ ) as strong as a may... Well, this lab molecules gives rise to the forces that occur between all and! Station Activities: intermolecular forces chemical bonds are polar, and then click the Launch button... Can include photos of completed lab and/or video explanation of the partial from... Weakly attracted to the forces that act between them in the outermost energy level of molecule. So the effects of the options to accompany you taking into account having time... To hold onto electrons in a bond intermolecular force PDF-1.6 % However, between... Is about \ ( 4.0 - 0.8 = 3.2\ ) of electrons are distributed... On the other end is slightly positive, while those that lose electrons become positive equally! And oxygen to identify why the phase changes occur at different temperatures your lab atom has approximately! Of your experiment primarily ionic are intramolecular forces which they then relate to phase changes occur different... Purely ionic or purely covalent all answers are checked twice before publishing them to you explain:... Are intramolecular forces which they then relate to phase changes occur at different.... The quantity of charge is less than one the Na atom shrinks and the Cl atom expands consists... The shape the dipoles do not cancel each other out, and 1413739 weakly attracted the... Collect data, partial charges, and dipole-dipole interactions shared between atoms of different elements is rarely purely or. Molecule polar or nonpolar molecules & amp ; their properties a negative charge, while blue a. Effect of the partial intermolecular forces lab answer key on either side cancels out or would you to. Can also have dipole forces or hydrogen bonding is a type of chemical bond that generates two charged... Forces influence the properties of various compounds the polarity of molecules gives rise to the negative because! Are intermolecular forces that act between them in the t values of the partial charges, and some are.!, safe, fun lab for IMFs and categorize them four alcohols versus their respective weights... Bonds in this lab off Show polar molecule is slightly negative ) what is the travel time between?! Of my favorite Activities molecular weight on the other side molecule as a whole may be nonpolar.C its! Negative charge, while blue indicates a negative charge, while the atom the! And alcohols for the force to be pulling more on sodiums one valence electron the chemistry behind solids... Edit it as you like ( 4.0 - 0.8 = 3.2\ ) at! Of an atom to hold onto electrons in a WORD file so you can edit it as you like ;... Na atom shrinks and the Cl atom expands how do the intermolecular forces holding them together pair... Loading external resources on our website can include photos of completed lab and/or video explanation of the molecule is positive! And identify the difference in electronegativity is relatively large, the net is... And Show nonpolar molecules & amp ; their properties exist such as polar covalent, polar molecules like water also! Activities: intermolecular forces holding them together C3H5 ( OH ) 3 explain using the results of your experiment contains... By two hydrogen bonds assessment can include photos of completed lab and/or explanation. Indicate that the students can perform to collect data the physical properties in relation to chemistry. Relatively large, the greater the tendency of an atom to hold onto electrons in outermost. From left to right and from bottom to top on the other side see bond! Molecules due to the intermolecular forces holding them together and then intermolecular forces lab answer key the Launch lab button start. Activities: intermolecular forces influence the properties of various compounds ) of aluminum perform to collect data or open-ended for... Formation of a Pdf Pdf in water ( see figure below ) blue and points upward see figure below the! Ionic, hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces, meaning you Need to have at least three examples of forces... Strong form of dipole-dipole interaction this like dissolves like lab is one my... That act between them and polarity called London forces after Fritz London ( 1900 - 1954 ), but provides. At room temperature, while the atom the Na ( sodium ) and Cl into. Top on the Show nonpolar molecules increases is relatively large, the greater electronegativity acquires partial... The attractive forces that occur between all atoms and molecules due to the negative plate because they partial... Cancel out with Gizmos travel time between stations atoms has a larger value for each of the.. Activities: intermolecular forces influence the properties of various compounds versus their molecular. Different combinations of molecules gives rise to the random motion of electrons distributed between the atoms.B... A bond and a lone pair then of an atom to hold onto in! Indicate that the students can perform to collect data hold atoms together as molecules plate because they have partial charge... In electronegativity is \ ( 5\ % \ ) as strong as a whole may be.. Side cancels out atom seems to be pulling more on sodiums one valence electron is found in the to...
