lake santeetlah water temperature

& Walther, A. The daily time series from Lake Vttern since 1955 was prepared and provided by Vtterns Water Protection Association. [18], In 1979, the State of North Carolina had prohibited any new connections to the antiquated water system. and This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties, In 1999, the current mayor thought that adding the word "Lake" to the name added "spice" and also clarified the town's location. Manhattan, NY 48 F Mostly Cloudy. Water temperature sampling was conducted using a Celsius mercury thermometer. The lodge, which had operated only sporadically during the preceding decades, was recycled into the sales office of an upscale lake-front development called "Santeetlah Lakeside",[20] and million-dollar property transfers occurred for the first time. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. Biol. We compiled in situ surface water temperatures and corresponding lake geomorphology and climatic data from 151 lakes (Figure 1; Tables 1 and 2; Data Citation 1). In order to efficiently assemble a complete product from the disparate data sources used for this dataset, we composed a set of scripts in the R programming language73. Data from the Swiss lakes were kindly provided by the City of Zurich Water Supply (WVZ) and by the Amt fr Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft (AWEL) of the Canton of Zurich. The town has more than two hundred residences, many of them second homes owned by permanent residents of Florida and Georgia. Water from Santeetlah Lake, 7.5 mi upstream, is diverted to hydro powerplant on the Little Tennessee River, which bypasses gage. Soc. From 20022005, sampling was done using a Seabird 19 CTD at Kigoma (Tanzania) by the Nyanza Project and the CLIMLAKE/CLIMFISH project53. For example, Gui et al.68 assessed SRB solar radiation data using ground measurements collected at 36 globally distributed sites from 20002002. The final step taken to assure the quality of our assembled dataset was to share the derived mean summer temperatures and geomorphometric data with the original data providers. Article Current water temperature is 63F. a A global database of lake surface temperatures collected by. Summary In these cases, we conducted searches in the primary literature, online web sources (ILEC (http://www.ilec.or.jp/en/), IAGLR (http://www.iaglr.org/), LakeNet (http://www.worldlakes.org/), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page)), Google Earth, or contacted colleagues in the relevant countries to obtain information. Data 2:150008 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2015.8 (2015). 53, 27242730 (2008). Girard, R. E. et al. About the Data Indicator Notes. 83, 16311643+1559 (2002). Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. As described in section G above, we used interpolation to calculate daily temperatures within the summer window for each lake with in situ data. In the epilimnion, profiles were taken at 2.5m intervals (1.0m intervals after 1991), and the depth intervals in the meta- and hypolimnion varied from 5 to 20m. Surface temperature was measured at approximately 10 cm depth using a self-made sonde which functioned based on the Wheatstone-Bridge technique from 19851990. Secondly, we used TIR data from the series of Along-Track Scanning Radiometers (ATSR). & Rouse, W. R. Thermal characteristics and energy balance of various-size Canadian Shield lakes in the Mackenzie River Basin. Data Rep, 2006). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Meanwhile, temperatures warming to the 70s will combine with very dry air to produce . To find the necessary one, just use the search. These reservoirs were sampled daily at a sampling depth of 0m. Water temperature sampling was performed in the morning with a handheld YSI or Hydrolab thermistor. A passing afternoon shower. The samples were obtained from the northern part of the lake, at the outflow. Cite this article. B.D., Stephanie E. Hampton and P.S. 80, 22612287 (1999). Although the sampling procedure has remained constant, the equipment has changed as described above30. data Data were collected at 25min intervals at multiple depths from the surface to the bottom in increments from less than 1m to approximately 5m; surface water measurements were made at 0.5m. Water temperatures were recorded using a Lake Diagnostic System (LDS) with PME thermistor chain typically moored at the deepest point in the reservoirs and close to the dam wall. Ecology 86, 198209 (2005). will Soc. Proc. CAS Level Base: MSL Full Pool: Flood Pool: Change Since Yesterday: 0.09 Feet Level Controlled by: Dam Name: Santeetlah (ALCOA POWER GENERATING INC., TAPOCO DIVISION) Sampling was performed during the daytime, typically between 9:00 and 15:00 with a YSI Model 58 tempDO metre (https://lter.limnology.wisc.edu/about/lakes). The AVHRR series of satellite instruments has been measuring thermal infrared (TIR) radiation since the late 1970s. For this study, we used data from the version 5 product of AVHRR Pathfinder collection59. . Lake Annecy was sampled at depths of 2.5 and 5m, Lake Bourget at depths of 0, 2, and 5m, and Lake Geneva at 0, 2.5, and 5m. Water temperatures were recorded in the morning between 9:00 and 11:30 using thermometers and multiparameter probes. NDBC Buoy and C-Man reports. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Get the Lake Santeetlah, NC local hourly forecast including temperature, RealFeel, and chance of precipitation. Profiles at each metre were taken frequently between 9:0011:00, but due to weather related challenges were sometimes taken later20. Arvola, L., Salonen, K., Keskitalo, J. 8693 (2005). Oceanogr. Oneida Lake, located in Oneida/Oswego County, New York, United States, was sampled weekly. The reservoir is largely surrounded by the Cheoah District of the Nantahala National Forest. Monit. Straile, D., Johnk, K. & Rossknecht, H. Complex effects of winter warming on the physicochemical characteristics of a deep lake. The median household income of Lake Santeetlah is $66,500, with an employment rate of 12.5%. Data for Lake Constance were provided by the Institut fr Seenforschung, Langenargen (Intenationale Gewsserschutzkommission fr den Bodensee - IGKB). Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. NDBC Dial-A-Buoy Information. Kaskesniemi was sampled at an interval of 2 to 4m, Noljakansaaret at an interval of 2m, and both Pyhsaari and Kokonluoto at an interval of 5m depth. The lake, owned by Brookfield Renewable Energy Partners, was seized in 1928 for hydropower from the Cheoahs River. The Lower Lake of Zurich, the Upper Lake of Zurich, the Lake of Walenstadt and Greifensee are all located on the Swiss Plateau, immediately north of the Swiss Alps. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Lake Santeetlah has a total area of 0.19 square miles (0.5km2), all land. Fourth, on a small subset of the data, Schneider and Hook11 used high-frequency buoy measurements to conduct a more direct comparison of water temperature trends that eliminated differences in timing and observation frequency. Science 287, 17701774 (2000). Limnol. 76 / 55. Soc. years Heidinger, A. K., Evan, A. T., Foster, M. J. Proc. "Graham County: A Quiet Place in the Smokies," undated pamphlet, Graham County Travel and Tourism, Robbinsville, NC. A lawsuit by the insurance company was dismissed by the court, and the company became more amenable to the formation of an incorporated town. After the assembly of the dataset was complete, we examined the distribution of mean lake temperatures using a series of histograms and maps. J. Climatol. Where necessary, we used a curve-fitting extrapolation technique to extend daily in situ observations to the bounds of the summer mean period. Oceanogr. The term winter refers to the 3-month period opposite summer in the calendar year. This allows for more accurate estimates of the 3-month summer means. of A zip folder of processing log files is included, called GLTC_means_processing_log_files.zip. For example, surface water temperatures have been found to be inversely correlated with mean depth8,16. Measurements were made twice a month at 0.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80m, and bottom (approximately 9095m) (ref. Z. Mechanisms of long-term variations in the thermal structure of a warm lake. Water temperatures were collected at 8:00 with mercury thermometers (with an accuracy of 0.5C) prior to the 1990s and with digital thermometers in the 1990 and 2000s (ref. & Prata, F. E. An extraordinary upwelling event in a deep thermally stratified lake. Lakes Maggiore and Orta are both located in northwestern Italy, in the subalpine lake district. For Swan Lake, sampling was generally conducted every two weeks during the ice-free season. 41, 912920 (1996). Policies and Notices, U.S. Department of the Interior | The mean of these daily temperatures represented the annual mean summer temperature. water will 14, 19471958 (2008). Kanamitsu, M. et al. have & Hamilton, G. D. Programs of the National Data Buoy Center. In addition, corresponding climatic drivers (air temperatures, solar radiation, and cloud cover) and geomorphometric characteristics (latitude, longitude, elevation, lake surface area, maximum depth, mean depth, and volume) that influence lake surface temperatures were compiled for each lake. Lakes Inari and Kevojrvi are located in the northernmost Lapland Province. Lett. Water temperatures were recorded using 23m surface buoys25, usually ARES or AMPS payload (http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/rsa.shtml) and various hulls. Between 1986 and 2005, global air temperatures have increased by 0.61C (ref. Lake Santeetlah Water Level. Cleveland, W. S. Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. Am. Lake Pjrvi (Paajarvi), situated in southern Finland, was sampled monthly. We then used linear interpolation to calculate daily temperatures for July, August, and September. Six lakes of the Experimental Lakes Area (L223, L224, L227, L239, L240, and L302s), located in Northwestern Ontario, Canada, were sampled daily from 1979-present at 1m depths30. Will northern fish populations be in hot water because of climate change? printer-friendly Water from Santeetlah Lake, 7.5 mi upstream, is diverted to hydro powerplant on the Little Tennessee River, which bypasses gage. We used data from two series of satellite instruments in order to maximize the sampling frequency and thus to provide more accurate estimates of the average lake surface temperature for each July, August, and September (JAS)/ January, February, and March (JFM) period. and Finally, we aggregated these data into summer means using the RNCEP.aggregate function66. led development and information acquisition for manuscript. Sharma, S., Walker, S. C. & Jackson, D. A. Empirical modelling of lake water-temperature relationships: A comparison of approaches. Using only nighttime data ensures that the lake surface water temperature remains mostly constant and is not affected by diurnal heating. Res. First, we compared summertime mean values for the 11 lakes that had both satellite and in situ data (Biwa, Baikal, Erie, Garda, Geneva, Huron, Michigan, Peipsi, Superior, Tahoe, Taihu). Schindler, D. W. et al. Lake Vrtsjrv (Vortsjarv) in southern Estonia, was sampled twice daily at 8:00 and 20:00 until April 30 2011, and hourly since then, at the surface. [10], In the early 1960s, a new corporation, Smoky Mountain Resorts, built a lodge and some cabins, and the first landowners began to build on the north shore of the peninsula. Take control of your data. However, there are some regions, such as around the Great Lakes region of North America and northern Europe, in which bodies of water are warming more rapidly than ambient air11,12. Physical and Chemical Data Series from Clearwater, Lohi, Middle and Hannah Lakes Near Sudbury, Ontario: Long-term Responses to Liming and Natural Recovery from Historical Acidification and Metal Contamination (Ontario Ministry of the Environment. The Lake Annie Buoy is located near the centre, over the deepest part (20.4m) of Lake Annie, Highlands County, Florida. Lake Santeetlah, NC 10-Day Weather Forecast. The difference was calculated by year for each simulated dataset. Hartmann, D. L., Tank, A. M. G. K. & Rusticucci, M. IPCC fifth assessment report, climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Report Water Temp. (2013). The mean summer temperature for each lake was then calculated by taking the mean of those daily estimates. ADS Overall, however, the SRB data show a lower mean bias across 36 global sites (5.5Wm2; 1.9%) (ref. The samples were obtained from four different locations on the same lake. Water. To maximize our chances of identifying erroneous values, the histograms and maps were examined by all co-authors. Sci. Santeetlah Marina[23] is the only full-service marina on a lake that has 76 miles (122km) of shoreline. We validated the satellite data with the in situ data by conducting four analyses. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been measuring . & Schiffer, R. A. For Clearwater, Lohi, Middle, Hannah, Whitepine and Sans Chambre Lakes, sampling was generally conducted monthly during the ice-free season although in earlier years, sampling was more frequent. Although there were equipment upgrades over the years, there have been no substantive change to equipment55. Ocean 106, 91799197 (2001). Before 2003, a YSI 6000 probe was used58. Water temperatures in Greifensee were measured by thermistor from 1985 to 2000 and with a YSI 6600 or YSI 6820 multisonde thereafter. Sampling was carried out with automated thermistors, located at 1m intervals from the top to the bottom of the lake. Oswald, C. J. The time period when the sun is between 12 and 18 degrees below the horizon at either sunrise or sunset. Am. Lake Biwa is located in Shiga Prefecture northeast of Kyoto in Japan. The same year a volunteer fire department and community center were constructed. Since May 2009, an automatic station (VAISALA, MAWS110 and water temperature sensor QMT110) was used every hour for water temperature measurements. Limnol. Annual Google Scholar. These biases range from 90.2Wm2 (22%) at Sukothai to +45.8Wm2 (+12.8%) at Bukit when comparing SRB solar radiation data with ground observations. 1144 (2011). "[13], Collette transferred the properties around among his various companies, and by 1973, he had clearly communicated to the residents that he was not interested in operating the water system. The horizon should be clearly defined and the brightest stars should be visible under good atmospheric conditions (i.e. An Ecolab Templine was used between February 14, 2008 and September 15, 2010 and a Fondriest thermistor chain was used from February 14, 2011 to present. Meindl, E. A. Magnuson, J. J., Bowser, C. J. Limnol. The reservoir is largely surrounded by the Cheoah District of the Nantahala National Forest. 35). The sampling time for the ATSR series of instruments was approximately 10:30 pm local time. 29, 22262240 (2009). From 1986 to 1991, Crosson, Harp, Heney and Plastic Lakes were sampled fortnightly throughout the ice-free season, with the remaining lakes sampled monthly. Sharma, S. Long Term Ecological Research Network https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/379a6cebee50119df2575c469aba19c5 (2015) et al. (William V. Wood to Property Owner, April 28, 1999.) For reference, approximately 38% of the in situ lakes in our dataset have sampling intervals of at least once every 10 days, while 58% have sampling intervals of at least once every 20 days (Figure 4). Rimmer, A., Gal, G., Opher, T., Lechinsky, Y. conceived the idea for the data paper. The samples were obtained at depths of 1m increments from all reservoirs. 186, 34553476 (2014). Lake Stechlin (Stechlinsee) is located in the eastern part of Germanys South-Baltic lake region, approximately 75km north of Berlin. Page Contact Information: North Carolina Water Data Maintainer provided. 19, 8396 (2014). Space observations of inland water bodies show rapid surface warming since 1985. Res. (pH is 6.14). 25, 445453 (2003). The precipitation has also delivered enough water to lift the ailing Great Salt Lake by 3.5 feet and forecasters predict Lake Powell will receive 11 million acre-feet of water due to inflows. every Profiles in the IGB series were generally taken monthly, but were taken less often in the 1980s and then were taken biweekly during the summer after 1991. Specifically, temperatures were measured at depths of 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, and 100m at the centre of the lake21. Leech, D. M., Williamson, C. E., Moeller, R. E. & Hargreaves, B. R. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the seasonal vertical distribution of zooplankton: a database analysis. archived the database. The need for ecological monitoring of freshwaters in a changing world: A case study of Lakes Annecy, Bourget, and Geneva. 52). We compiled time series from both series of satellite instruments independently at all 141 sites, with AVHRR data available for the period 19852009 and ATSR data available for the period 19912009. Located in the Cross Creek community on Lake Santeetlah. choose Third, we compared trends from the in situ data for 19852009. Sampling intervals were approximately monthly with the exception of the Upper Lake of Zurich from 2006 (3-monthly) and the Lake of Walenstadt from 2001 (3-monthly). Lake Baikal, located in south of the Russian region of Siberia, was sampled approximately every 1014 days. (pH is 7.00) or 100C. Solar radiation is a key component of lake heat budgets13. Water temperatures were recorded at a site 60m along the outflow draining straight out of the lake33. Water temperatures were recorded in the morning, typically between 10:0012:00 with a mercury-in-glass thermometer in a Ruttner closing bottle34. 27, 30613074 (2013). These instruments are part of an autonomous monitoring program with the vertical profiler replacing the thermistor strings in May 2009. Differences between the two mean values are assumed to be the result of different sampling times (often day versus night), different sampling frequencies, measurement errors, and differences between skin and bulk water temperatures. Res. J. Hydrometeorol. A Fisher Scientific thermometer was used until 2003, a YSI temperature probe was used from 2003 to 2009, and an Orion Conductivity Meter 105A+ was used from 2009 to present23. 13588 total waterbodies. The population density was 332.4 people per square mile (129.3/km2). Lake values were the mean of all months within the appropriate time period to match the sampling period (e.g., July-August-September for northern hemisphere summer, January-February-March for northern hemisphere winter), see Section G below) for a given year for the single grid cell that contained the sampling location for the lake. The per capita income for the town was $53,491. Water temperature samples were collected at 10cm depth in the late morning to early afternoon. Salmaso, N. et al. 68). For Vertical profiles were taken in the morning (10:0012:00) at the deepest location of the lake (69m). The samples were collected at different frequencies at these sites including every two hours at North Pine vertical profiler and at 30-minute intervals at the thermistor strings. We recognize our responsibility to use data and technology for good. Although these values are presented as static, we note that these variables could have varied during the 19852009 period, especially for reservoir systems. Secondly, a linear regression analysis of time series of annual biases revealed no significant trend, indicating that satellite calibration drift did not adversely affect trends obtained from the data. Austin, J. a Geophys. Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP. & Anneville, O. Meteorol. We used sampling intervals ranging from once per day to once every 34 days and constructed 20000 simulated datasets for each sampling interval. earlier, Various multiparameter probes were used and constantly controlled by the manufactures (Idronaut in Italy and Seabird in United States), giving coincident results. Gerten, D. & Adrian, R. Climate-driven changes in spring plankton dynamics and the sensitivity of shallow polymictic lakes to the North Atlantic Oscillation. parameter [16], On April 13, 1989, Thunderbird Mountain became the Town of Santeetlah,[17] and in 1991, Executive National transferred the roads and the water system to the town. ADS Santeetlah Lake's current water temperature is 57F Todays forecast is, Clear With a high around 74F and the low around 37F. Oceanogr. Gage-height records are generally good. In view of this great difference in temperature and the purity of the surface water, the author of the paper suggests that any one living near a deep lake could obtain very pure ice-cold water . Keyes, an evangelical Christian, was also finance chairman of the National Association of Evangelicals and a founder of the Presbyterian Church in America. J. Lakes Inari, Kallavesi, Kevojrvi (Kevojarvi) Lappajrvi (Lappjarvi), Pijnne (Paijanne), Pielavesi, Pielinen, and Saimaa are all located in Finland. & Keller, W. B. This avoided any possible bias due to contamination from mixed pixels containing both land and water. Lake Garda, located in northern Italy was sampled monthly from the surface at a depth of 0.5m. The samples were obtained from the centre of the lake, in the zone of maximum depth. Water temperature exerts a major influence on biological activity and growth, has an effect on water chemistry, can influence water quantity measurements, and governs the kinds of organisms that live in water bodies. Lakes Mondsee, Neusiedler, and Wrther (Woerther See) are located in Austria and sampled daily at a depth of 0.2m. The samples were obtained from the lake level gauging station. We sent an email to each of the data providers containing the relevant data for their lake(s) along with a request to validate the values that we have included in the completed dataset. Richer, E. & Baron, J. S. Loch Vale Watershed long-term ecological research and monitoring program: quality assurance report, 20032009 (Open-File Report 2011-1137, US Geological Survey, 2011). Meteorol. Boreal Environ. Warning: Javascript must be enabled to use all the features on this page! The sampling time for the AVHRR instruments varied roughly between 10 pm and 5 am local time at each site, with the majority of measurements made between 1 am and 4 am. IPCC AR5, 3139 (2013). From 19912010, a temperature sensor of an oxygen probe was used (WTW Oxi 197S, Weilheim, Germany)43. Increases in the amount of incoming solar radiation increase average lake temperatures14. no moonlight, or other lights). Sharma, S., Jackson, D. A., Minns, C. K. & Shuter, B. J. The data are available in two comma delimited text files (Data Citation 1). Gage-height records are generally good. From January 20 2005, sampling depth changed from 0 to 1m (ref. conceived the idea for the broader global lake temperature collaboration (GLTC). & Brown, O. Limnol. 13, 20522064 (2007). This equation yielded a generic representation of the seasonal pattern in the data. Lake surface temperatures can directly or indirectly influence physical, chemical, and biological processes in a lake, including the temperature of the photosynthetic zone4, water-column stability, lake primary productivity5, fish species range shifts3, and species interactions6.

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