origin of nigeria

[83] The Ironsi government's efforts to abolish the federal structure and the renaming the country the Republic of Nigeria on 24 May 1966 raised tensions and led to another coup by largely northern officers in July 1966, which established the leadership of Major General Yakubu Gowon. Upon independence, it was widely expected that Ahmadu Bello the Sardauna of Sokoto, the undisputed strong man in Nigeria[76] who controlled the North, would become Prime Minister of the new Federation Government. [95], The new president took over a country that faced many problems, including a dysfunctional bureaucracy, collapsed infrastructure, and a military that wanted a reward for returning quietly to the barracks. Ecological and political instability provided the background for the jihad of Usman dan Fodio. Hundreds of languages are spoken in the country, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. In early 1989 a constituent assembly completed a constitution and in the spring of 1989 political activity was again permitted. "The Crisis in Research and Academic Publishing in Nigerian Universities" (2002). However, on June 12, 2018, General Muhammadu Buhari, as president, announced a shift in this date from May 29 to June 12, as from the year 2019. The origin of the Nigerian Armed Forces lies in the elements of the Royal West African Frontier Force, that became Nigerian, when independence was granted in 1960.In 1956, the Nigeria Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) was renamed the Nigerian Military Forces, RWAFF, and in April 1958, the colonial government of Nigeria took over from the British War Office . Goodluck Jonathan called for new elections and stood for re-election in April 2011, which he won. Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri and significantly, includes (from the viewpoint of its Igbo members) the neighbouring kingdom of Igala. [24], Stone axe heads, imported in great quantities from the north and used in opening the forest for agricultural development, were venerated by the Yoruba descendants of Neolithic pioneers as "thunderbolts" hurled to earth by the gods. Many of the domestic journals, including the Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, faltered and were only published rarely, if at all.[112]. Sonni Ali seized Timbuktu in 1468 and Djenn in 1473, building his regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. [61] The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. 34 sought to do away with the whole federal structure under which the Nigerian government had been organised since independence. His successor Askia Muhammad Ture (14931528) made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought Muslim scholars, including al-Maghili (d.1504), the founder of an important tradition of Sudanic African Muslim scholarship, to Gao.[32]. The young Audu, who was an aspirant in last Friday's APC primary in Kogi State, described the primary as a highly compromised and fraudulent process characterized by unprecedented irregularities. This was to commemorate the June 12th election of 1993, and the events that surrounded it. Flag. The NCNC represented the interests of the Igbo- and Christian-dominated people of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. The Iron Age Nok civilization of northern Nigeria dates back to about 1,500 BC, with evidence of settled life in the environs of Kaduna. ); Muse du quai Branly (Paris). [49] According to the Yoruba, Oduduwa is regarded as the ancestor of the Yoruba kings. Characteristic landforms in this region include oxbow lakes, river meander belts (see meander), and prominent levees. Toyin Falola, and Julius Omozuanvbo Ihonvbere. More than 100 were killed in riots before Babangida agreed to hand power to an interim government on 27 August 1993. A sign of federalism has been the growing visibility of state governors and the inherent friction between Abuja and the state capitals over resource allocation.[97]. In the historic 12 June 1993 presidential elections, which most observers deemed to be Nigeria's fairest, early returns indicated that wealthy Yoruba businessman M. K. O. Abiola won a decisive victory. Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. The earliest iron technology in West Africa has also been found to be contemporary with or predate that of the Nile valley and North Africa, and some archaeologists believe that iron metallurgy was likely developed independently in sub-Saharan West Africa.[30][29]. According to Igbo oral tradition, his reign started in 1043. For local elections, nine parties were granted provisional registration with three fulfilling the requirements to contest the following elections. The name, "Nigeria", given us by Flora Shaw, wife of former colonial master, Frederick Lugard, bears a negative vibration. Foreign scholars often associated with the school include Michael Crowder, Abdullahi Amith, J. [105][106] However, his re-election bid in 2015 was truncated with the emergence of former military ruler General Muhammadu Buhari, mainly on his inability to quell the rising insecurity in the country. The early independent kingdoms and states that make up present-day state of Nigeria are (in alphabetical order): Benin Kingdom, Borgu Kingdom, Fulani Empire, Hausa Kingdoms, Kanem Bornu Empire, Kwararafa Kingdom, Ibibio Kingdom, Nri Kingdom, Nupe Kingdom, Oyo Empire, Songhai Empire, Warri Kingdom, Ile Ife Kingdom, and Yagba East Kingdom. In 1994 the government set up the Ogoni Civil Disturbances Special Tribunal to try Ogoni activist Ken Saro-Wiwa and others for their alleged roles in the killings of four Ogoni politicians. The vast country Kanem-Bornu reaching from Libya to Nigeria was created by the people of Zaghawa in nomadic Nilodic in the North-East of Nigeria by 700. The military rivalries of the Hausa states strained the region's economic resources at a time when drought and famine undermined farmers and herders. [48] The Olorun is now called God in the Yoruba language. Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africa 's most populous country. The Sokoto Plains and the Borno Plains are located in the northwestern and northeastern corners of the country respectively. Obasanjo had recently stated on national radio that he would "deal firmly" with election fraud and violence advocated by "highly placed individuals." [55] The Nri had a taboo symbolic code with six types. However, the bloody nature of the Young Majors coup caused another coup to be carried out by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. Akintunde Akinleye/Reuters. [38][39] Today the Hausa people now reside in the Northern part of Nigeria.[40]. The Southwest part of Nigeria was formed recently as a nation by 850, it was also established as the basics of the Eastern Akan tribes. [109], Nigeria's Democracy day was originally celebrated on May 29, every year since General Olusegun Obasanjo emerged President in 1999. Eventually, the police with tear gas were required to quell the riot. Other states where Igalas can be found are Anambra, Delta and Benue states. South of Kano the mixed soils contain locally derived granite and loess (wind-borne deposits). The central region has hills and plateaus. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. History of Nigeria The Name: NIGERIA The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. [75], Capturing 89 seats in the federal parliament was the second-largest party in the newly independent country the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC). 150200 deaths (current estimate). The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. However, in 1962, a faction arose within the AG under the leadership of Ladoke Akintola who had been selected as premier of the West. The first post-independence national government was formed by a conservative alliance of the NCNC and the NPC. At various moments in their history, the Hausa managed to establish central control over their states, but such unity has always proven short. Following the breakup of Mali, a local leader named Sonni Ali (14641492) founded the Songhai Empire in the region of middle Niger and western Sudan and took control of the trans-Saharan trade. E. Elochukwu Uzukwu [48] In the 1959 elections, the AG obtained 73 seats.[75]. However, Nigerias most diverse feature is its people. When? The government also moved to recover millions of dollars in funds secreted to overseas accounts. At the same time, rival schools developed. Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, and Nigeria was a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. These included Islamic empires in northern Nigeria and smaller organized political groupings in southern Nigeria. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. [88], The U.S. analysts said that "Nigeria is still very much a tribal society" where local and tribal alliances count more than "national attachment. [41] They are called the Banza Bakwai meaning Bastard or Bogus Seven on account of their ancestress' slave status.[41]. There is a huge gap between the archaeological finds of Igbo Ukwu, which reveal a rich material culture in the heart of the Igbo region in the 8th century, and the oral traditions of the 20th century. Christopher Hart, "The Nigerian elections of 1983.". It has been in an acute stage since last January when a military coup d'tat destroyed the constitutional regime bequeathed by the British and upset the underlying tribal and regional power relationships. With the increase of resource spending and oil exportation, Nigerian GDP and HDI (Human Development Index) have risen phenomenally since the economically stagnant rule of Sani Abacha, but the primary population still survives on less than US$2 per day. All announced candidates were disqualified from standing for president once a new election format was selected. Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. With over 12 years of direct political experience in a terrain dominated by men, Senator Tinubu's tenure as first lady will be one of a kind. Pin the Capital on the Country: Fact or Fiction? This lack of communication left the new acting President Jonathan with no knowledge of his predecessor's plans. Yar'Adua's Hausa-Fulani background gave him a political base in the northern regions of Nigeria, while Goodluck does not have the same ethnic and religious affiliations. [37] Contemporary historical scholarship views this legend as an allegory similar to many in that region of Africa that probably referenced a major event, such as a shift in ruling dynasties. Now called Calabar, the city remained an important port shipping ivory, timber, beeswax, and palm produce until 1916, when the railway terminus was opened at Port Harcourt, 145km to the west.[71]. Archaeological findings pieced together show that by the . The Niger River, for which the country is named, and the Benue, its largest tributary, are the principal rivers. Lagos was occupied by British forces in 1851 and formally annexed by Britain in the year 1865. Cotton grew readily in the great plains of these states, and they became the primary producers of cloth, weaving and dying it before sending it off in caravans to the other states within Hausaland and to extensive regions beyond. In the history of Nigeria, we can say Nigeria today can thus be traced back to pre-historic dwellers living as early as 1100BC, the various kingdoms and empires of the 17 th century. On December 31, 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. This often leads to major explosions and high death tolls. They discovered that Nigerians have to be civilized so as to be good customers. Their history is reflected in the Bayajidda legend,[37] which describes the adventures of the Baghdadi hero Bayajidda culminating in the killing of the snake in the well of Daura and the marriage with the local queen magajiya Daurama. The Yoruba people ( Yoruba: ran Yorb, m Odduw, m Kr-ojire [21]) are a West African ethnic group that mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. [84] The name Federal Republic of Nigeria was restored on 31 August 1966. In October 1963, Nigeria proclaimed itself the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and former Governor-General Nnamdi Azikiwe became the country's first President. Necklaces form a cone around the neck and keep the focus on the face. [73] Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. The collapse undermined Songhai's hegemony over the Hausa states and abruptly altered the course of regional history. Other unions joined the strike, bringing economic life around Lagos and the southwest to a standstill. Nok male figure; terracotta; Detroit Institute of Art (Michigan, USA). As of January 2010, he was still abroad. But the elections were marred by violence and allegations of widespread voter fraud included missing returns, polling places failing to open, and obvious rigging of results. Excavations in Ugwuele, Afikpo and Nsukka show evidence of habitation as early as 6,000 BC. Igbo gods, like those of the Yoruba, were numerous, but their relationship to one another and human beings was essentially egalitarian, reflecting Igbo society as a whole. Nigeria gained its independence from Britain in 1960. A new republic was planned to be established in 1993 but was aborted by General Sani Abacha. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Although he had led Babangida's Transitional Council since 1993, Shonekan was unable to reverse Nigeria's economic problems or to defuse lingering political tension. [60][61], With the decline of Nri kingdom in the 15th to 17th centuries, several states once under their influence, became powerful economic oracular oligarchies and large commercial states that dominated Igboland. In February 2010, Goodluck Jonathan began serving as acting president in the absence of Yaradua. His comments were interpreted by some analysts as a warning to his vice president and 2007 presidential candidate Atiku Abubakar. Though those efforts have been hard to come by, as many violent ethnic and religious clashes occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nigeria has continued to face governmental, ethnic, religious, health related, educational, economic, and other issues ("Nigeria"). George's . British cultural influence is strong but its political influence is declining. Corrections? Although these western empires had little political influence on the Nigerian savanna before 1500 they had a strong cultural and economic impact that became more pronounced in the 16th century, especially because these states became associated with the spread of Islam and trade. Modern Nigeria dates from 1914, when the British Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria were joined. Other tribes such as the Nri Kingdom also . Translated in Arabic as nahr al-anhur "river of rivers." updated on June 13, 2019 The economic collapse of the 1980s also greatly hurt the scholarly community, especially the sharp devaluation of the Nigerian currency. [78] Federal Government Prime Minister Balewa declared martial law in the Western Region and arrested Awolowo and other members of his faction charged them with treason. The areas of these countries primarily inhabited by the Yoruba are often collectively referred to as Yorubaland. The Fulani came from the Senegal River valley, where their ancestors had developed a method of livestock management based on transhumance. From other parts of Africa, the Neo-Marxist school arrived and gained a number of supporters. There are 400 deities called Orisha who perform various tasks. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming Ezenri (Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom. Shortly afterwards the AG opposition leader, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, was imprisoned to be without foundation. A number of oracles and local cults attracted devotees while the central deity, the earth mother and fertility figure Ala, was venerated at shrines throughout Igboland. 1.5: Nigerian Culture and History is shared under a not declared license . Only five political parties were approved by the regime and voter turnout for local elections in December 1997 was under 10%. Lord Lugard Created Nigeria 104 Years Ago. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. Aviation workers in Nigeria have embarked on a two-day strike, leaving thousands of travelers stranded as airlines canceled or rescheduled flights in the country's major cities, A local official in Nigeria says that at least 33 people have been killed by gunmen in the country's northwest, From dressing as Roman soldiers in Antigua, Guatemala, to carrying palm fronds on the streets of Lagos, Nigeria, Christians around the world are celebrating Holy Week, State authorities said Tuesday at least 10 students were abducted by gunmen in northwest Nigeria, In a story published April 2, 2023, about police reforms in Grand Rapids, Michigan, a year after a Black man was shot and killed during a traffic stop, The Associated Press erroneously reported where the victim, Patrick Lyoya, was born. The forest soils represent the third zone. [93] Babangida (IBB) cited the misuse of power, violations of human rights by key officers of the SMC, and the government's failure to deal with the country's deepening economic crisis as justifications for the takeover. Gently undulating plains, which become waterlogged during the rainy season, are found in these areas. The monarch of Nigeria was still head of state but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, executive power in a prime minister and cabinet, and judicial authority in a Federal Supreme Court. Lugard. The term means that people should be independent and live within political boundaries that corresponded to where they lived. The situation is uncertain, with Nigeria, ..is sliding downhill faster and faster, with less and less chance unity and stability. Most fateful for the Ironsi government was the decision to issue Decree No. Additional sanctions were imposed as a result of Nigeria's failure to gain full certification for its counter-narcotics efforts.

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